Gadgets of the Globe-Trotters
This invention by Gutenberg spread ideas and helped launch exploration.
printing press
In 1492, this explorer sailed west hoping to reach Asia but instead landed in the Caribbean.
Christopher Columbus
Spanish conquerors who defeated powerful American empires
conquistadors
Spain was heavily motivated to spread this religion throughout the Americas.
Catholicism
This is the name for the exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and ideas that began after Columbus arrived in the Americas.
Columbian Exchange
In the Spanish colonial caste system, two important mixed-heritage groups were known as mestizos and mulattoes. Describe what each group’s ancestry was.
Mestizos were people of Spanish and Indigenous ancestry; Mulattoes were people of African and European ancestry.
This ship with triangular sails made long voyages faster and easier.
Caravel
God, Gold, and Glory were the motivations/goals that pushed this nation to explore/settle in the New World.
Spain (The 3 G's of exploration)
Aztec emperor defeated by Cortés
Moctezuma
This European nation built its colonies along the Atlantic Coast of North America, including Jamestown
England / Great Britain
Three continents involved in the Triangle of Trade.
Europe, Africa, and the Americas
These two Inventions of exploration/conquest were created in China and spread to Western Europe through trade routes in the Indian Ocean and Silk Roads.
Gunpowder and Compass.
A Portuguese explorer who began his expedition in 1519 under the Spanish crown to find a western route to the spice-rich East Indies. His expedition was the first to circumnavigate the globe.
Ferdinand Magellan
A deadly Old World disease that wiped out millions in the Americas.
Smallpox
Forced labor system used by the Spanish in the Americas
encomienda system
Some African kingdoms actively participated in the Atlantic Slave Trade. Why might these kingdoms have chosen to trade enslaved people with European merchants
To gain wealth, acquire European goods (like guns, textiles, or metal tools), and increase their political power over rival kingdoms.
Due to the mathematical and scientific advances in the Renaissance and Scientific Revolution, sailors had much more accurate ____________.
Maps
Discovered by Bartolomeu Dias in 1488, who called it the "Cape of Storms," It is the rocky headland on the Cape Peninsula, South Africa, famous historically as a landmark for ships sailing to India, though it's not Africa's true southern tip
The Cape of Good Hope
Name Both
-This Spanish conquistador captured Atahualpa at Cajamarca, beginning the fall of the Inca Empire.
- This Spanish conquistador formed alliances with enemy tribes and captured Tenochtitlán, bringing down the Aztec Empire.
Francisco Pizarro and Hernán Cortés
Explain one major difference between how France and England treated Native Americans
• France: focused on trade, alliances, fur relationships
• England: focused on land, leading to conflict. Exclusion from native groups as well.
The Columbian Exchange also spread diseases like smallpox to the Americas. Explain why this was devastating for Native populations
Native Americans had no immunity, leading to massive population decline, social disruption, and weakened resistance to conquest
A navigational tool that measured the stars to find latitude. It can help determine distance traveled and was believed to have been invented by Arab traders
astrolabe
These “Three L’s” explain why England competed for colonies during the age of exploration
Land (seeking territory to claim), Lord (Religious freedom), Luxury (wealth from resources and trade).
Because they lived closer to domesticated animals, metal resources, and major trade routes, Europeans developed diseases, weapons, and technologies that gave them huge advantages during their conquest of American empires. This idea explains how____ shaped their power.
Geographic advantage (Guns, Germs, and Steel.)
In the Americas, Spain, England, and France developed very different colonial systems when it came to politics and social structures. Describe what made them different.
Spain built a strict racial caste system, England relied on self-governing assemblies/democracy, and France formed cooperative trading partnerships with Native peoples with no real centralized government. Together, these differences reflect how Europeans organized power and society in their colonies.
Explain how the Columbian Exchange and the Triangle of Trade were interconnected parts of the same global system.
The Columbian Exchange created new crops and demand, which led to plantations, which created demand for slave labor, which fueled the Triangle of Trade, which then expanded global trade networks even further.