Pathogen Barriers
This type of barrier includes intact skin and mucous membranes.
What are physical barriers?
This non-specific immune response is triggered by histamine, causing redness, swelling, and pain.
What is inflammation?
These immune cells produce antibodies.
What are B lymphocytes (B cells)?
Maternal antibodies passed to a baby provide this type of immunity.
What is natural passive immunity?
An outbreak confined to a local area is called this.
What is an epidemic?
Tears, sweat, and stomach acid act as this type of barrier.
What are chemical barriers?
These short-lived phagocytes are often the first responders to infection.
What are neutrophils?
These immune cells destroy infected or cancerous body cells.
What are cytotoxic T cells (Tc cells)?
Vaccination provides this type of immunity.
What is artificial active immunity?
This term describes the reduced risk of infection when ~95% of a population is vaccinated.
What is herd immunity?
Natural gut flora prevents colonisation by pathogens. This is an example of what kind of barrier?
What is a microbiological barrier?
Complement proteins can destroy bacteria by forming this structure in their cell wall.
What is a membrane attack complex?
This process ensures only lymphocytes specific to an antigen are activated and cloned.
What is clonal selection?
Antibody injections provide temporary protection because they lack these long-lived cells.
What are memory cells?
Point mutations in viral genes cause gradual antigenic changes known as this.
What is antigenic drift?
This rigid plant structure, made of cellulose, provides a physical barrier against pathogens.
What is the cell wall?
These non-specific lymphocytes destroy virally infected or cancerous cells.
What are natural killer (NK) cells?
These molecules released by helper T cells activate B cells and cytotoxic T cells.
What are cytokines?
Immunity where the body produces its own antibodies after infection is called this.
What is natural active immunity?
When two viral strains recombine to form a new subtype, this occurs.
What is antigenic shift?
In plants, this enzyme-rich waxy surface provides a protective layer against pathogens.
What is the cuticle?
The lymphatic system links innate and adaptive immunity by transporting these cells to lymph nodes.
What are antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?
This is the reason why reinfections with the same pathogen are usually milder or symptomless.
What is immunological memory (memory cells)?
Monoclonal antibodies confer this type of acquired immunity.
What is artificial passive immunity?
The rise of bacteria that survive treatment with drugs like penicillin is called this.
What is antibiotic resistance?