Terminology
The genotype of an individual with two different alleles for a trait.
heterozygous
The process where mRNA is produced from a DNA template.
transcription
A forensic scientist obtains only a tiny amount of DNA from a crime scene. This technique is used before gel electrophoresis to produce enough DNA for analysis.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
The formation of a new species due to geographic separation.
allopatric speciation
On a cladogram, Species A and Species B are connected by a more recent node than either is to Species C. This indicates that A and B share this relationship.
A more recent common ancestor
The total collection of alleles present within a population.
gene pool
Fruit flies and humans possess remarkably similar developmental genes that control body plan formation despite being separated by millions of years of evolution.
HOX genes
A DNA coding strand has the sequence TAC GCA TTT. This is the mRNA sequence produced.
AUG CGU AAA
The evidence for evolution obtained by comparing DNA sequences between species.
During PCR, this enzyme synthesises new DNA strands by adding nucleotides to a template strand.
Taq polymerase
A population is split by a newly formed river. Hundreds of generations later, the two populations have different courtship behaviours and no longer mate.
speciation
This process produces 4 genetically unique gametes
spermatogensis
A population of birds colonises a newly formed island. Twenty generations later, the population has allele frequencies that differ significantly from the mainland population.
The founder effect
A population survives a drought because some individuals possess alleles for greater drought tolerance. This evolutionary mechanism explains the population's survival.
natural selection
A species of fish produces fertile offspring with another species of fish in captivity, but never in the wild because they spawn at different times of year.
isoloating mechanism
The specific location of a gene on a chromosome.
locus
A mutation that changes one amino acid in a protein sequence.
missense mutation
Two parents have blood types AB and O. This blood type can never occur in their children.
AB
A species has survived unchanged for millions of years despite mutations continually occurring in its population. This phenotypic selection is?
stabilising selection
A pedigree shows unaffected parents producing an affected child. The trait is most likely inherited in this manner.
autosomal recessive inheritance
After the extinction of the dinosaurs, mammals diversified into many new ecological niches. This process is known as:
evolutionary radiation
The set of observable DNA fragment lengths generated from STR analysis.
DNA Profiling
A strand of DNA contains 30% adenine. This percentage of nucleotides must be cytosine.
20%
Scientists observe that an allele associated with drought tolerance becomes increasingly common during a 20-year drought event. The allele provides a survival advantage and its frequency rises in the population.
positive selection
During oogenesis, Meiosis II is only completed if this event occurs.
fertilisation