Signaling
the vocabulary word for a signal
ligand
non-protein molecules that carry a signal in a signal transduction pathway
second messenger
G1, S, G2, M
phase in which the cell cycle is turned on and off
G1
a body system that demonstrates cell communication
endocrine, nervous, or immune system
the number of kinds of signals that can bind to a given receptor
one
involves the activating of inactive protein kinases by other protein kinases
phosphorylation cascade
This process happens during S phase
DNA replication (synthesis)
the phase a cell enters when it does not divide
G0
how the amount of DNA in G1 compares to the amount of DNA in G2
the DNA in G2 is double the DNA in G1
the type of signaling most similar to synaptic signaling
paracrine signaling
types of receptors in a signal transduction pathway
G protein-coupled receptor, receptor tyrosine kinase, ligand-gated ion channel
the specific process of splitting a cell into two cells
cytokinesis
molecules that control when a cell begins mitosis
cyclins
condensed chromosomes
chromatids
Name three specific signals used in living things
hormones, cytokines, neurotransmitters, histamines, antigens...
can include transcription, activation of an enzyme, or release of an ion
cellular response
The phases of M phase
prophase, (prometaphase), metaphase, anaphase, telophase
two external factors that should prevent a cell from dividing
crowding (density-dependent factors) and not being anchored to the ECM
Give an example of cell communication that doesn't involve a molecule traveling across a space or through the bloodstream.
answers will vary
Explain how one receptor can cause different responses in different cell types.
Different cell types have different proteins in them, which lead to different signal transduction pathways and different responses.
when more and more molecules are activated during a signal transduction pathway
amplification
Name one cell type that always divides and one cell type that never divides.
always: skin, bone marrow
never: muscle, nerve
The name of genes that stimulate the cell cycle and cells that inhibit the cell cycle.
Proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.
Name three factors that lead to cancer.
mutagens in the environment, genetic predisposition, damage to the receptor that keeps it turned on, inability to break down cyclins, damage to genes that cause apoptosis...