SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION VOCAB
What is a signal transduction pathway?
The process by which a signal is converted into a specific cellular response.
Identify the type of receptor:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1R0QzYUmXBhRxeHo98G8pOjkGzkw8ePHqCQ5qJx2391I/edit?tab=t.0
Ligand-gated ion channel
What is the difference between positive and negative feedback?
Positive feedback amplifies a change while negative feedback reverses it.
What are the 3 main stages of the cell cycle and parts of interphase?
Interphase (G1, S, G2), mitosis, and cytokinesis
What is the role of cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases in the cell cycle?
Cyclins bind to the CDKs to regulate different stages of cell cycle.
What is a second messenger?
A molecule that relays the signal from the receptor to other molecules within the cell, amplifying the signal.
Identify the type of protein receptor and the messenger(s).
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1R0QzYUmXBhRxeHo98G8pOjkGzkw8ePHqCQ5qJx2391I/edit?tab=t.0
Protein receptor: G-Protein coupled receptor
Messengers:
1st: Epinephrine
2nd: cAMP
An apple cell receives an ethylene signal and begins a signal transduction pathway that leads to the production of ethylene. This ethylene is then sent out to other apple cells. Eventually, the apple and all nearby apples ripen. Positive or negative feedback?
Positive
In what phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?
The S phase of interphase
What is p53?
A tumor suppressor protein, a critical regulator of cell growth and division that acts as a safeguard against cancer
What is a ligand?
A molecule, often a protein or steroid, that binds to a receptor to initiate a signal transduction pathway.
If glycogen phosphorylase is prevented from being activated because of an inhibitor, what is most likely the outcome in relation to glucose blood levels?
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1R0QzYUmXBhRxeHo98G8pOjkGzkw8ePHqCQ5qJx2391I/edit?tab=t.0
Blood glucose levels will not rise in response to epinephrine.
Positive or negative feedback?
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1R0QzYUmXBhRxeHo98G8pOjkGzkw8ePHqCQ5qJx2391I/edit?tab=t.0
Negative
How does the amount of DNA change in the cell during the M phase?
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1R0QzYUmXBhRxeHo98G8pOjkGzkw8ePHqCQ5qJx2391I/edit?tab=t.0
The amount of DNA is halved as a cell divides into two new daughter cells.
What is the M (mitotic) checkpoint?
This checkpoint in the cell cycle makes sure that all chromosomes are properly attached to the spindle before anaphase begins.
What is the different between kinase and phosphatase?
Kinase: adds a phosphate group to a protein
Phosphatase: removes a phosphate group from a protein
What is the outcome of this pathway?
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1R0QzYUmXBhRxeHo98G8pOjkGzkw8ePHqCQ5qJx2391I/edit?tab=t.0
Active interleukin would leave the cell through simple diffusion and gasdermin would be broken down, leaving N-terminus Gasdermin to become proteins in the cell membrane.
Is osmoregulation positive or negative feedback?
Negative
What happens during apoptosis?
Cells enter into programmed cell death, during which time DNA is chopped up, organelles are fragmented, the cell shrinks and parts of the cell are packaged into vesicles and removed by scavenger cells.
What are growth factors?
Signaling molecules, typically proteins, that stimulate cell growth and differentiation. They act as messengers, regulating various cellular processes and playing a crucial role in body function.
What happens in each part of the signal transduction pathway?
1. Reception: The signal molecule (ligand) binds to a specific receptor protein on the cell surface or inside the cell.
2. Transduction: The receptor changes shape or activity, triggering a cascade of events within the cell.
3. Response: The signal cascade ultimately leads to a specific cellular response.
What type of signal transduction pathway is this?
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1R0QzYUmXBhRxeHo98G8pOjkGzkw8ePHqCQ5qJx2391I/edit?tab=t.0
Juxtacrine signaling
What is the difference between positive and negative feedback in relation to homeostasis?
Positive feedback moves a system further away from equilibrium, while negative feedback brings a system closer to stability/homeostasis.
What phase of the cell cycle is this?
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1R0QzYUmXBhRxeHo98G8pOjkGzkw8ePHqCQ5qJx2391I/edit?tab=t.0
Metaphase
Proto-oncogenes are normal genes that play a role in regulating cell growth, division, and differentiation. When a proto-oncogene undergoes mutations or changes in expression, it can become an oncogene, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and potentially cancer development.