Scramble for Africa
Name 3 resources that were prevent in Africa that the Europeans wanted that started the scramble?
ivory, diamonds, gold, tin, timber, animal hides, peanuts, palm oil, rubber, slaves (until 1885)
The Mahdist State of Sudan fell after they invaded Egypt, CFS, and Ethiopia because of their mandate from Mahdi to spread what?
Islam. Mahdi started his universal jihad to restore Islam
Who in Algeria hated the thought of France granting Algerian full French citizenship and successfully fought against it every time?
the colons (French settlers in Algeria)
They felt this way despite many Algerians fighting for France in the World Wars
What was the result of the Congo-Arab War (1892-94)?
Force Publique (Belgium) wins and slavery is ended. Slaves are released.
Who operated the largest slave trade in the world that has lasted for centuries and enslaved more people than any other people groups?
Arab/Muslims
They still practice slavery today.
What African tribe gained the respect of the British through the war they fought against them in 1879?
Zulu (Anglo-Zulu War)
The British created a memorial for their fighters.
The British made Egypt into an "informal protectorate" in 1881 for what reason?
To protect the Suez Canal
In 1870, after France lost the Franco-German War, Emperor Napoleon III had to step down. The allowed French civilians to do what in Algeria?
To grab more land from the Algerians. Napoleon III was holding them back.
What was Henry Morgan Stanley secretly doing for King Leopold II of Belgium while exploring the Congo River?
Securing treaties with the natives to take over their lands.
During the Algerian War for Independence, France gives up two neighborhing colonies so that they could focus on their "jewel". What were the two countries?
Morocco & Tunisia
Who were the two famous European explorers that made Europe want to colonize Africa?
David Livingstone & Henry Morgan Stalnley
What was the growing threat Britain faced in Egypt?
*Everytime they would pop up, the Egyptians would gain more autonomy to keep the Egyptians happy
Nationalist movements/parties
On VE Day in 1945 Algerians took to the streets shouting "Long live the Allied victory!" and then to "Long live independent Algeria!" The French police killed an unarmed civilian because of what reason?
He was waving an Algerian nationalist flag.
That shooting led to the Setif & Guelma Massacre
Belgium's policy towards the Congo from 1908-1960 was the following:
-Africans were to be cared for and trained as if they were children.
-Exercise total political control.
What is the name of this policy?
Paternal policy
What did the Belgians call the blacks in the Congo if they met the requirements to gain equal rights
évolué (evolved)
In 1885, Eurpoean powers signed a treaty saying that
European powers can only posses colonies if they can administer and defend themCongo would become King Leopold's person property.
What was the name of the meeting where this happened?
Berlin Conference
In 1950, The Wafd Party wins the Parliamentarian elections and they:
back out of the Anglo-Egypt Treaty (allowing the Brits to secure the Suez Canal)
declared ________ is part of Egypt.
Sudan
The National Liberation Front (FLN) claims it will gain independence through
(1) violent guerilla actions (+terrorism)
(2) _____________________________diplomatically at the UN (gaining legitimacy)
Describe the Congo Free State's tax system.
Instead of money being collected, it is services and labor to turn in food, rubber and ivory, or labor on public works. All persons were given quotas to meet. If the quota was not met, you would be punished.
The resulting Egyptian defeat from this war made Egypt politically unstable and lead to the Muslim Brotherhood to ramping up violence?
Arab-Israeli War (1948-49)
What are the only two African nations that were not colonized?
Liberia (Europe thought it would anger the US since it was crated for freed US slaves)
Ethiopia (Successfully defeated the Italian invasion, All of Europe recognized their independence)
The successful coup in Egypt in 1952, when Egypt fully became independent from Britain, spread what idea around the continent?
Pan-Africanism: movement to unite Africans against colonialism/Europeans, and white supremacy.
Ahmed Messali Hadj is a socialist revolutionary known as what in Algeria?
Father of Algerian Nationalism
Why did King Baudouin decide to let go of the Congo so easily after a few violent riots from nationalist movements in 1959 when he was firm in his stance on keeping it?
He saw the extremely violent prolonged wars fought by other European powers in Africa and Asia to hold onto their colonies to end up losing in the end anyways, and decided he would not do the same. It was easier to just let them go.
Negotiations between the FLN and France concluded in 1962. Algeria must do what in order to gain independence?
Hold a referendum for the people if they want independence.
Only 16,000 voted no out of 6M.