Cell Cycle and Mitosis
What are the forms of reproduction?
Asexual and sexual reproduction
What are the three checkpoints in the cell cycle
G1 checkpoint, G2 checkpoint, M checkpoint
What type of cells divided to make gametes?
Germ cells
What type of cell do mutations need to occur in for them to be inherited?
Germ cells
What is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous
Homozygous is two of the same alleles and heterozygous is two different alleles
Sister chromatids are pulled apart in this stage
Anaphase
What is the difference between apoptosis and cellular senescence?
Apoptosis- programmed cell death
Cellular senescence- cell is still alive in either G0 or G1 but can not go through mitosis
What is the result of meiosis?
4 unique haploid daughter cells
What process produces a zygote and is a form of genetic variation
Fertilization
What is incomplete dominance and give an example
There is an intermediate phenotype in heterozygous
RR red
Rr pink
rr white
What happens in prophase (must name everything to get all points)
Spindle fibers form, chromatin condenses to chromosomes, nuclear membrane breaks down
Capable of invading adjacent tissue, can spread to tissue, cancerous, may reoccur after attempted removal
malignant tumor
Draw out meiosis
Come to the board
Different chromosomes line up randomly in metaphase I and metaphase II which causes genetic variation
Independent assortment
What is the difference between a phenotype and a genotype
A phenotype is the physical characteristic and the genotype is the alleles expressed
What is a karyotype
Also just for fun, does anyone know what stage of mitosis a karyotype is best seen in
A picture of a persons complete set of chromosomes
Metaphase
The mutated version causes cells to divide and grow uncontrollably
Oncogenes
Give the human chromosome count for the following types of cells
Somatic
Germ (before meiosis begins)
Gamete
Zygote
Somatic 46
Germ 46
Gamete 23
Zygote 46
Abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell
aneuploidy
If two heterozygous pea plants are crossed (Tt X Tt) what is the percent their offspring will be short?
Draw meiosis on the board (can explain what happens in each step)
Come to the board
Smoking, diet, and infections are all causes of cancer under what factor?
Environmental factor
What happens in anaphase I of meiosis
Tetrads split (homologous chromosomes sperate)
Happens in anaphase when chromosomes are not pulled apart evenly, leading to chromosomal aberrations
Nondisjunction
Dihybrid AaBb X aabb and give the phenotypic ration
1 dominant A dominant B
1 dominant A recessive b
1 recessive a dominant B
1 recessive a recessive b
(1:1:1:1)