Signaling
Meningothelial cells (MECs) play a vital role in regulating homeostasis of spinal fluid. MECs are produced via tight junctions, gap junctions, and aquaporins in order to communicate with adjacent cells.
What is Direct Contact (Gap Junction)
The phase where the chromatin condenses, nucleotides appear, duplicated chromosomes appear, the mitosis spindles begin to form, and centrosomes move away from each other.
What is Prophase
It is the most important checkpoint. It checks for cell size, growth factors, and DNA damage. If the cell is a go it completes the rest of the cycle. If it is stopped it enters a non dividing state.
What is the G1 Checkpoint
The first part of interphase where the cell grows and carries out normal function.
What is the G1 phases
The detection and receiving of a ligand by a receptor in the target cell.
What is Reception
Auxins are a group of plant hormones that play vital roles in mediating growth and development. Auxin is transported through plant tissue by passive diffusion. A recent study revealed that as the root tips of plants grow, there is an influx of auxin. The researchers genetically modified root cells to lack plasmodesmata and exposed the root cells to auxin; the roots did not grow. Therefore, they concluded that auxin must travel through plasmodesmata to allow for root tip growth.
What is Long Distance Signaling
The phase where the sister chromatids sperate and move to opposite ends of the cell due to the microtubules shortening, and the cell elongates.
What is Anaphase
Programmed death of a cell if it can not be repaired.
What is apoptosis.
The last part of interphase where the final growth of the cell happens and it is prepped for mitosis.
What is the G2 phase
The conversion of an extracellular signal to an intracellular signal that will bring about a cellular response.
What is Transduction
In order for a muscle contraction to occur, nerve cells must signal to muscle cells. Motor nerves that signal to skeletal muscles release acetylcholine, which will bind to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on skeletal muscles and cause a contraction.
What is Local Signaling (Synaptic)
The final phase where two daughter nuclei form, the nucleoli start to appear, chromosomes become less dense, and Cytokinesis occurs.
What is Telophase
Non-dividing state the cells go to after the G1 phase. The cells can stay there forever or they can move out and be called back into the cell cycle.
What is the G0 phase
Body cells, that have two sets of chromosomes and divide by mitosis.
What are Somatic Cells
The final molecule in the signaling pathway converts the signal to a response that will alter a cellular process.
What is Response
During a physical activity, heart rate increases. Endothelial cells in the body sense the increased heart rate and release nitric oxide. Nitric oxide relaxes nearby smooth muscle, which means blood vessels expand allowing for increased blood flow through the body.
What is Local Signaling (Paracrine)
The phases where the Centrosomes are at opposite poles, the chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate, and the microtubules are attached to each kinetochore.
What is Metaphase
The checkpoint the checks for microtubule attachment to chromosomes at the kinetochores during metaphase. If the cells is good to go it goes to anaphase and completes mitosis. If it is stopped the cell allows the microtubules to connect.
What is the M Checkpoint
Reproductive cells, that have one set of chromosomes and divide by meiosis.
What are Gametes
The largest category of cell surface receptors, are important in animal sensory system, and bind to a certain protein that can bind to a type of energy molecule similar to ATP.
What is a GPCR
Embryonic stem cells are of great interest to researchers as they are pluripotent, meaning they can become many different cell types as they
grow and differentiate. So how do embryonic stem cells "know" what cell to become? Researchers have discovered embryonic stem cell markers, which are molecules expressed on the surface of the cells that
interact and signal to adjacent cells through channels comprised of the protein connexin.
What is Direct Contact (Gap Junction)
The phase where the nuclear envelope fragments and microtubules enter the nuclear area and start to attach to kinetochores.
What is Prometaphase
The checkpoint that checks for completion of DNA replication and DNA damage. If the cell is good it goes to mitosis. If not the cell will attempt to repair the damage.
What is the G2 Checkpoint
The second part of interphase, where DNA replication and chromosome duplication occurs.
What is the S phase
It is in the plasma membrane that is important to the nervous system. It is a receptor that acts as a gate for a certain type of molecules.
What is an Ion Channel