Variables and Experimental Design
An educated guess
A Hypothesis
A _____ binds to a receptor
Ligand
Identify the 4 categories of cell signaling
Autocrine, Paracrine, Endocrine, Direct Signaling Across Gap Junctions
Identify the phases of interphase
G1, S, G2
Identify the phases of mitosis
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
The hypothesis that predicts the variables will cause no change
aka: The boring hypothesis
Null Hypothesis
Name the 2 types of receptors
Internal Receptor and Cell-Surface Receptor
The type of signaling that relies on hormones traveling through the blood and creating long lasting changes
Endocrine Signaling
The splitting of the cytoplasm that occurs right after Telophase
Cytokinesis
The phase when chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
Metaphase
The variable that is changed on purpose
The Independent Variable
This type of receptor starts a signal transduction pathway
Cell-Surface Receptor
This receptor binds with hydrophobic ligands and are located in the cytoplasm
Internal Receptors
Phase where the spindles pull sister chromatids to the opposite poles of the cell
Anaphase
Phase where DNA is copied
S Phase
The variable that is measured and relies on the independent variable
The Dependent Variable
A process that happens in response to a change that causes a return to homeostasis
Negative Feedback Loop
A process where the output of a system stimulates the system to further increase the output and move farther away from homeostasis
Positive Feedback Loop
Phase where chromosomes condense, the mitotic spindle forms, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the nucleolus disappears
Prophase
The most common cell cycle regulators
These molecules are associated with a particular phase or transition of the cell cycle
Cyclins
The group performed first in an experiment that serves as a benchmark for comparison
A Control Group
Identify the 3 parts of a cell-surface receptor
1) External Ligand Domain (Extracellular Domain)
2) Hydrophobic Membrane Spanning Region
3) Intracellular Domain
Name 2 examples of small hydrophobic ligands
Estradiol, Testosterone, Cholesterol, Thyroid Hormones, Vitamin D
Cyclins work with these enzymes to cause cell cycle regulation
How does these enzymes modify proteins?
Cyclin-Dependent Kinases
Phosphorylation
Why is p53 the "guardian of the genome" ?
It is a tumor suppressor gene that prevents the cell cycle from finishing while DNA is damaged.
1) It starts the production of Cdk inhibitor which causes the cell to stay in G1
2) Activates DNA repair enzymes
3) Triggers apoptosis or cell death if DNA damage can't be fixed