Plants
Amyloplasts.
What are the three domains?
- Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
What does endemic mean?
Organisms found in only one particular place/area.
How to stop organisms from going extinct?
1. Captive breeding programmes.
2. Protect their environment.
What is evolution?
Change in the allele frequency in a population.
Which of the following structures have secondary thickening in their cell walls?
Secondary thickening = there is lignin.
- Xylem and sclerenchyma
What is the difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?
Eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles, nucleus, linear DNA associated with histones. Prokaryotes do not.
- Eukaryotes have 80s ribosomes while prokaryotes have 70s ribosomes.
We can calculate biodiversity by looking at species richness and species abundance. What other way can we calculate biodiversity?
By determining genetic diversity/variation of a species using the heterozygosity index.
What are the advantages of storing seeds in seed banks rather than growing full grown plants?
1. Growing plants takes up more space.
2. Seeds can survive longer when frozen.
3. Seeds need less maintenance/cost.
4. Storing seeds helps maintain genetic diversity.
What are three things that can cause evolution?
1. Natural Selection
2. Genetic Drift
3. Mutations.
What is the role of magnesium in plants?
Used to make chlorophyll for photosynthesis.
We have analysed 5 organisms to see evolutionary relationships. How to determine which ones are more closely related?
A new plant was introduced into a forest. The endemic plants in the area was reduced. How does this affect the overall biodiversity in the forest?
- New plant competes with endemic plants or introduces new disease.
- Endemic plants reduced > biodiversity reduced.
- Reduction in plants leads to reduction of habitats/food for animals
- More competition between animal species.
- Reduced species richness and genetic diversity because only small isolated populations will reproduce.
What are you supposed to bring to the exam?
Pen and calculator.
If frequency of p and q doesn't change, does that mean population is evolving for this trait?
It is not evolving for this trait.
What is the name of the membrane that surrounds the vacuole?
Tonoplast.
What is the definition of species?
Group of organisms that can breed together to produce fertile offpspring.
Beavers create new ponds for organisms. If new organism was introduced and this organism is a predator of the beaver. What could happen to overall biodiversity of this area?
Biodiversity reduced > less habitats created.
YOU WILL REGRET IT.
What is genetic drift? How does it affect genetic diversity?
- It reduces genetic diversity.
Explain how a drug is tested from extraction > the three-phase testing > market.
1. Drug is extracted from plants.
2. Tested on animals/human cells in the lab.
3. Now the three-phase testing:
- Phase 1: Test on a small group of healthy patients.
- Reviewed by scientists to see if we can move on to phase 2.
- Phase 2: Drug is tested on a small group (100-500 people) of unhealthy patients. Used to determine appropriate dosage/concentration.
- Phase 3: Drug is tested on a larger group of unhealthy people (1000-3000 people). Used to compare drug effectiveness to current drugs in the market.
- Phase 2 and 3 are double blind trials (neither patient or doctor knows who receives the placebo).
- Results from phases must be analysed.
How did we classify organisms into the 3 domains?
1. Based on their appearance/phenotype.
2. Look at similarities in DNA (molecular phylogeny).
What could cause an organism to go extinct/become endangered?
1. Decrease in habitat/food.
2. Increased problems due to low genetic diversity (less variation > less able to adapt to change).
3. Increase in hunting/predation.
4. Disease
5. Increase in pollution.
6. Competition.
What are three things you should be able to calculate for the exam?
1. Hardy Weinberg
2. Heterozygosity Index
3. Index of Diversity.
What is molecular phylogeny?
Using biological molecules to see evolutionary relationships.
- Biological molecules could include DNA, RNA, proteins, etc.