Classical Conditioning
A child's learned fear at the sight of a needle is an example of this.
Conditioned Response
A learned association between a response and a consequence is central to this.
Operant Conditioning
Some psychologists believe that rats develop mental representations of mazes they have explored. What are these representations called?
Cognitive Maps
Observational Learning
Learning that certain events occur together is called this.
Associative Learning
A few of Pavlov's dogs learned to salivate to the sound of a particular tone, but not to other tones. This demonstrates what?
Discrimination
Monica was late for school, so she parked in a teacher reserved spot. After school, she noticed that there was a parking ticket on the windshield. The parking ticket would be considered this.
Positive Punishment
Learned helplessness is MOST likely to be associated with this.
An external locus of control
Bandura's experiments indicate that this is important in the process of learning.
Modeling
This is the most crucial ingredient in all types of learning.
Experience
An individual who long feared spiders was forced by a therapist to encounter 20 spiders a day. The therapist is most likely trying to encourage this.
Extinction
For purposes of effective child raising, most psychologists favor the use of this over punishment.
Reinforcement
Over time an increase in this occurs when someone practices self-regulation through time-managed programs and psychical exercise.
Self-Control
Mirror neurons most clearly provide use with the capacity for this.
Imitation
On the first day of class, Ms. Krueger told her U.S. History students there would be pop quizzes given at unpredictable times throughout the quarter. Clearly, studying for Ms. Krueger's surprise quizzes will be reinforced on this type of schedule.
Variable-Interval
Long after being bit by a dog, Greg found that his fear of dogs had seemed to disappear. However, when a dog recently walked up to him, he experienced a sudden wave of anxiety. What does this represent?
Spontaneous Recovery
Because Brenda always picked her newborn son when he cried, her son is now a big crybaby. In this case, picking up the baby served as this for crying.
This type of learning occurs after an extended period of thinking about a certain problem with little or no direct systematic interaction with the environment.
Insight Learning
This type of modeling is positive, constructive and helpful behavior.
Prosocial Modeling
Cats receive a fish reward whenever they got themselves out of an enclosed box. With repeated trials, the cats escaped from the box with increasing speed. This example illustrates what?
The Law of Effect
If a sea slug receives water its withdrawal response diminishes. This decreasing responsiveness with repeated exposure shoes this.
Habituation
Closing your bedroom door so you won't hear the music playing in the living room that is interfering with your studying is an example of this.
Negative Reinforcement
It's easier to train a pigeon to peck a disk for a food reward than to flap its wings for a food reward. This illustrates the importance of what in learning?
Biological Predispositions
Imitation and desensitization are two factors that contribute to this.
The violence-viewing affect
Naturally satisfying stimuli that fulfill biological needs are these reinforcers.
Primary