Classical Conditioning
Classical conditioning
A type of associative learning (learning that certain events happen together); the process of an organism learning to associate 2 stimuli outside their behavior to anticipate an outcome
Operant conditioning
A type of associative learning (learning that certain events happen together); the process of an organism learning to associate their behavior with a reward or punishment
*B.F Skinner- founder of this conditioning believed that behavior is solely determined by reinforcement and punishment
Acquisition
Habituation
-In classical conditioning, the initial stage, is when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response
-An organism's decreasing responses to a stimulus with repeated exposure
Observational learning
Modeling
-Learning by observing others; also called social learning- can learn without direct experience
-The process of observing/imitating a specific behavior
Fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement
Variable ratio schedule of reinforcement
-Reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specific amount of responses; a conditioned animal will pause briefly after a reinforcer, then return to a high rate of responding (least resistant to extinction)
-Reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after an unpredictable number of responses; provide reinforcers after unpredictable amount of responses (most resistant to extinction)
Unconditioned response (UR)
Unconditioned stimulus (US)
-In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US) such as salivation when food is in the mouth
-In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US) such as salivation when food is in the mouth
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
-Increases behaviors by presenting positive stimuli
-Increases behaviors by stopping negative stimuli
Latent learning
Insight
-Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate
-A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem (right temporal)
Mirror neurons
Frontal lobe neurons fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy; provides a biological and neural basis for social learning
Fixed interval schedule of reinforcement
Variable interval schedule of reinforcement
-Reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed; people check more frequently for mail as delivery approaches
-Reinforces responses at unpredictable time intervals; reinforces first response after time intervals- rewards persistence in rechecking for email; produces slow, steady responding
Conditioned response (CR)
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
-In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)
-In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)
Positive punishment
Negative punishment
-Adds negative stimuli to decrease behavior
-Takes away good stimuli to decrease behavior
Intrinsic motivation
Extrinsic motivation
-A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake
-A desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment
Prosocial behavior
Antisocial behavior
-Positive, helpful behavior learned from observational learning
-Negative behavior learned from observational learning
Cognitive map
A mental representation of the layout of one’s environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as they have learned a cognitive map of it
Higher-order conditioning
A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone (also called second-order conditioning)
Primary reinforcer
Secondary (conditioned) reinforcer
-An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need
-A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer (not needed to live)
Law of effect
Skinner box
-Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
-An operant chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices to record the animal's rate of bar or key pressing
Conducted by Albert Bandura, it revealed that children are likely to imitate the actions of adults on the Boba Doll; and more likely to imitate those who seem admirable (reinforced social learning/modeling)
Biofeedback
A system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension
Extinction
Spontaneous recovery
Generalization
Discrimination
-The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced
-The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
-The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
-In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus
Successive approximations
Shaping
-Process of reinforcing steps of desirable behaviors which are getting closer to the target behavior
-An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
Behaviorism
Proposed by J.B Watson, it is the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes (Pavlov agrees as well)
Desensitization
Being repeatedly exposed to violence which leads to indifference and apathy
Adaptability
Our capacity to learn new behaviors that help us cope with changing circumstances