Logical Argumentation
This is the proper or valid method of reasoning, or how we make rational sense of the world.
What is logic?
"Be the bigger person."
"But I'm not fat!"
The above conversation is an example of this logical fallacy.
What is equivocation?
What is ethos? What is pathos? What is logos?
This is important when preparing for a speech so that a speaker knows what type(s) of audience he or she is facing.
What is audience analysis?
Name one of the three types of questions persuasive speeches can seek to answer.
What is question of fact? What is question of value? What is question of policy?
Name one of the three errors which good arguments do not have.
What is error of fact? What is error of self-contradiction? What is error of fallacy?
"The president is a great politician."
"How do you know?"
"Well, he's the president! He must be a great politician!"
The above conversation is an example of this logical fallacy.
What is circular reasoning/begging the question?
This type of rhetorical appeal refers to the data and information a speaker uses to argue for the correctness of their position.
What is logos?
This is the easiest audience to ADDRESS, which is friendly to the speaker and already in agreement with their position
What is the supportive audience?
A lawyer in a courtroom seeks to prove that his client is not guilty of the crime for which he is on trial. The lawyer is seeking to persuade the jury on this type of question.
What is question of fact?
This is a logical error in which the conclusion of the argument does not follow from the premises that have been established.
Jacob tells Anderson he should study for his test. Anderson replies, "Oh yeah? Well you never study!"
True or false: Anderson has proven Jacob's argument wrong.
What is false?
A doctor speaking at a cancer research summit references his medical credentials and his history of research to prove his authority on the subject. The doctor is utilizing this rhetorical appeal.
What is ethos?
This type of audience is neutral on the topic and is open to being persuaded by you and your opposition; they are the easiest to PERSUADE.
What is the undecided/uncommitted audience?
Two students in a speech class debate whether a certain action is morally right or morally wrong. The students are debating over this type of question.
What is question of value?
"If the moon is made of cheese, and I can eat cheese, then I can eat the moon."
The given argument suffers from this type of error.
Two debaters are arguing an issue in front of an audience. The first debater makes a well rounded argument, utilizing ethos, logos, and pathos. The second debater has no arguments and instead decides to attack the character of his opponent to whip up the crowd and get them on his side. Which fallacy or fallacies is the second debater utilizing?
What is appeal to emotion? What is ad hominem?
Mr. X is speaking in front of a crowd on a very controversial issue. He presents a well-structured, logical argument while also playing to the audience's emotions to try to sway them to his side.
True or false: this is an example of the appeal to emotion fallacy.
What is false?
This type of audience doesn't care about the issue at all in either direction; they will likely require extra effort to bring over to your side.
What is the indifferent audience?
Both political candidates have spent the election cycle attempting to persuade voters to vote for them in a few weeks on Election Day. On which question have the candidates been attempting to persuade the American people?
What is question of policy?
Name the three fundamental laws/principles of logic.
What is noncontradiction? What is excluded middle/either-or? What is identity?
This logical fallacy is a type of ad hominem which attacks someone's character on the grounds of hypocrisy.
What is tu quoque?
This type of logical fallacy is typically damaging to a speaker's personal appeal (ethos).
What is tu quoque?
This type of audience agrees with the position you oppose; the best you may be able to hope for with this audience is getting a fair hearing for your issue.
What is the opposed/hostile audience?
When giving a persuasive speech, you utilize rhetorical appeals. In an effort to not seem one-dimensional and use the appeals effectively, it is recommended that you usually utilize this type of approach.
What is united approach?