Testing
In the early 20th century, when France passed a law requiring all children to attend school, officials were concerned with how to fairly assess the educational needs to children from varying backgrounds. In response, Alfred Binet and and Theodore Simon came up with what measure of intelligence?
mental age
This is the method of establishing a basis for meaningful score comparisons by giving a test to a representative sample of future test-takers.
standardization
a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing
Savant syndrome
passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals
grit
What is the misinformation effect?
The misinformation effect occurs when misleading information has distorted one’s memory of an event, either because one was given wrong information or repeatedly imagining something that never happened.
An intelligence test does what two things? (hint: you'll need two verbs here)
An intelligence test
1) assesses people’s mental aptitudes
2) compares them with those of others, using numerical scores
The distribution of test scores tends to cluster around the central average score, with fewer and fewer scores at the extremes. This is known as what?
normal curve
Name the three parts of intelligence as defined by your text.
the ability to
1) learn from experience
2) solve problems
3) use knowledge to adapt to new situations
Creativity is associated with what type of thinking?
divergent thinking
The information-processing models involve three processes. What are they?
encoding, storage, and retrieval
Describe the difference between aptitude tests and achievement tests.
Achievement tests are designed to assess what you have learned, whereas aptitude tests are designed to predict what you can learn.
If the same test yields consistent results upon retesting, it can be said to have a high degree of _______________.
reliability
Name one way Gardner and Sternberg agree and one way they disagree.
Agree
1) There is more to success than traditional intelligence
2) we have multiple intelligences
Disagree
1) Sternberg identified three, rather than eight or nine intelligences.
Some critics question whether calling these abilities “intelligence” stretches that concept too far. If we stretch intelligence to include everything we prize, it loses its meaning.
Describe the difference between algorithm and heuristic as it relates to problem-solving.
An algorithm is a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees a solution to a problem.
A heuristic is a simple thinking strategy that is usually speedier than an algorithm but is also more error-prone. It can result in both correct and incorrect solutions.
Why would Binet be upset by Lewis Terman and related work?
Bidet never wanted his test to be used to label children and limit their opportunities.
He did NOT believe his test measured inborn intelligence.
With Terman’s help, the U.S. government developed new tests to evaluate both newly arriving immigrants and World War I army recruits—the world’s first mass administration of an intelligence test.
To some psychologists, the results indicated the inferiority of people not sharing their Anglo-Saxon heritage.
Terman was a eugenicist, which is icky.
Even he, though, came to realize that test scores reflected not only people's innate abilities but also their education, native language, and familiarity with the culture assumed on the test.
What is the Flynn effect?
The Flynn effect is the substantial and long-sustained increase in both fluid and crystallized intelligence test scores
What are the three intelligences identified by Sternberg?
2) creative
3) practical
Name the four abilities that make up emotional intelligence.
1) perceiving emotions
2) understanding emotions
3) managing emotions
4) using emotions
Describe the difference between phonemes and morphemes.
Phonemes are a language’s basic units of sound.
Morphemes are the elementary units of meaning.
Although Galton's quest for a simple intelligence measure failed, why is his contribution still considered important? You must give me 2 of the 3 correct answers to earn the point.
He left the field of psychology with
1) statistical techniques that are still used
2) the phrase nature and nurture
3) the belief in the inheritance of genius
Describe the difference between predictive validity and content validity.
A test has content validity if it samples the pertinent behavior (as a driving test measures driving ability), but it has predictive validity if it predicts a behavior it was designed to predict.
Describe the criticism of multiple intelligence theories.
Research using factor analysis confirms that there is a general intelligence factor: “g” matters. It predicts performance on various complex tasks and in various jobs. And extremely high cognitive ability scores predict exceptional achievements, such as doctoral degrees and publications.
Name any two of the five components of creativity.
1) expertise
2) imaginative thinking skills
3) a venturesome personality
4) intrinsic motivation
5) a creative environment
Describe the difference between linguistic determinism and linguistic influence. You must be able to describe what they actually are to get the point.
Linguistic determinism suggests that language CONTROLS the way we think and interpret the world around us. Linguistic influence is a weaker form of this and suggests that our language simply AFFECTS thought.