Introduction to Learning
A relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience.
What is learning?
A type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli.
What is classical conditioning?
Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences.
What is operant behavior?
Learning by others.
What is observational learning?
Russian physiologist who observed conditioned salivary responses in dogs, classical conditioning
Who is Ivan Pavlov?
In our everyday experiences, these 2 things blend into one continuous process.
What are sensation and perception?
In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (UCS), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.
In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows.
What is reinforcer?
The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior.
What is modeling?
researcher who studied insight learning in chimps
Who is Wolfgang Kohler?
Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning).
What is associative learning?
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response.
What is unconditioned stimulus?
An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of a desired goal.
What is shaping?
A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be effective.
What is intrinsic motivation?
Researcher famous for work in observational or social learning including the famous Bobo doll experiment
Who is Albert Bandura?
The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes.
What is behaviorism?
In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus (CS).
What is conditioned response?
In operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses.
What is fixed ratio schedule?
A desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment.
What is extrinsic motivation?
Discovered food aversion that occurs when people attribute illness to a particular food.
Who is John Garcia?
The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.
What is generalization?
In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS), comes to trigger a conditioned response.
What is conditioned stimulus?
A chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforce, with attached devices to record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking. Used in operant conditioning research.
What is skinner box?
psychotherapy that seeks to extinguish or inhibit abnormal or maladaptive behavior by reinforcing desired behavior and extinguishing undesired behavior
What is behavior modification?
Pioneer in operant conditioning who discovered concepts in instrumental learning such as the law of effect. Known for his work with cats in puzzle boxes.
Who is Edward Thorndike?