Pathogens and Infection
Innate* Immune System
Adaptive Immune System
HIV Paper
Mystery Marx
100
What is one difference between bacteria and viruses?
100
Which of the following is NOT a component of the innate immune system?
1. Macrophage
2. Dendritic cell
3. Complement
4. Antibody
5. Neutrophil
4. Antibody
100
Why is the second immunization antibody response much more potent than the first immunization?
Memory cells identified the known antigen and activated the adaptive immune response immediately (as opposed to the first exposure, when it takes days to mount an adaptive immune response)
100
True or false: HIV-1 needs both CD4 and CCR5 in order to enter helper T cells
True
100
What is cancer?
Uncontrolled cell growth - a disease of the cell cycle!
200
How do pathogens overcome cellular/organ mechanisms such as high acidity?
By either releasing a chemical that neutralizes the acid, escaping (e.g. lysosomes), or other adaptations to avoid destruction.
200
Which of the following is NOT a role of the complement cascade?
1. Recruitment of inflammatory cells
2. Stimulation of MHC Class I presentation
3. Pore formation and lysis of bacteria
4. Stimulation of adaptive immune response
5. Coating microbes and inducing phagocytosis
2. Stimulation of MHC Class I presentation
200
Why is it an important step for immature B and T cells to be exposed to self antigens?
So they do not attack normal "self" host cells and molecules/ can identify the difference between self and foreign antigens.
200
When staining for Gag, the researchers were looking to see...
if/where HIV-1 virions ended up in cells
200
When was New Paltz founded?
1828 - Founded in 1828 as the New Paltz Classical School, the institution spent the majority of the 19th century training teachers for New York State public schools.
300
What is the basic "life cycle" of a virus?
Entry into host cell and release of genetic material.
Transcription, translation, replication of genome.
Assembly of progeny virus and exit from host cell.
300
Draw a sketch of an antibody AND indicate where the variable regions are. (Note: This is adaptive immunity)
300
What's one difference between CD4+ cells and CD8+ cells?
BOTH are T cells - CD4+ are helper T cells, they recognize Class II MHC. CD8+ are cytotoxic T cells -they recognize Class I MHC.
300
The paper focused on how HIV-1 impairs the connection between the adaptive and innate immune systems. What mechanism(s) behind this impairment did they identify?
HIV-1 envelope activates mTOR pathway in DCs, leading to autophagy exhaustion.
300
What is Biology?
The study of living organisms
400
How are many intracellular pathogens able to enter and exit cells?
By activating phagocytosis, evading lysosome degradation, and hijacking of endomembrane system.
400
What role do dendritic cells play in the immune system?
Dendritic Cells Provide the Link Between the Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems - engulf pathogens, lyse and present peptides on MHC proteins, activate/stimulate T cells
400
What happened to the B cell after activating? Why?
Biogenesis of Endoplasmic Reticulum in order to produce large quantities of antibodies (proteins)
400
What is Fig 1 demonstrating?
LC3-II is significantly decreased in HIV-1 infected dendritic cells. This indicates that LC3-I isn't converted into LC-II due to a disruption in autophagy.
400
When to SEIs end?
Tonight at midnight - DO THEM!
500
How are bacteria able to evolve antibiotic resistance?
By adapting mechanisms that overcome the limited ways antibiotics disrupt homeostasis. Due to the rapid rate of error-prone replication and ability to share genetic material such as antibiotic resistance, these adaptations can spread relatively quickly as well.
500
What do Toll-like receptors (TLRs) do?
They are receptors on macrophages and dendritic cells that recognize both invading pathogens and endogenous danger molecules released from dying/damaged cells. They activate further immune responses, including recruitment of the adaptive immune response.
500
How do SARS-CoV-2 vaccines work?
The vaccines "trick" our cells into making the spike protein only, triggering an immune response that leads to antibody production and memory cell development.
500
What would you expect to see if the cells in Fig 1B were treated with 3-MA before exposure to HIV-1?
A lot of green signal - HIV-1 would enter the cells and have an easier time taking over the dendritic cells if autophagy were already inhibited.
500
Where did professor Marx meet her husband?
Here at New Paltz!