Second Industrial Revolution
Name two advances made during this time period.
Lightbulb, stainless steel, dynamite, car, helicopter, submarine, microscope improvement, pasteurization, fridges, typing machine, telephone, Fordism, publicity
What is imperialism, and why did European countries engage in it during the late 19th century?
Imperialism is the colonization and domination of new lands to extract resources for growing industries; it provided raw materials for European powers.
What is the name of the system of alliances built to protect the role of Germany as the main power in continental Europe?
Bismarckian Systems
What is "Turnismo"?
System of power alternating between conservatives and liberals in Spain
Pasteurization
a high pressure method of sterilization that allowed foods like milk to be preserved longer
What new sources of finance became prevalent during the Second Industrial Revolution?
Joint-stock companies
What was the outcome of the Spanish-American War in 1898, and how did it affect Spain?
Spain ceded Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, Guam, and Mariana Islands to the United States, leading to a national crisis in Spain.
What was the primary purpose of the Triple Alliance, created in the second Bismarckian system?
To form an alliance between Austria, Germany, and Italy.
What event led to the Spanish-American War and the subsequent loss of Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, Guam, and the Mariana Islands?
The explosion of the USS Maine in Havana port.
Trusts
Associations of companies to control the entire production process
Name a new business structure that appeared in the 19th century, which involved companies in the same sector working together to fix prices and make production decisions.
Cartels
What happened at the Berlin Conference in 1885, and why was it significant?
European powers met to partition Africa peacefully among themselves, avoiding conflicts over colonial territories.
In 1914, when the mechanisms of the Triple Alliance and Triple Entente started to work, what were the key alliances involved in the outbreak of World War I?
Germany and Austria-Hungary (Triple Alliance) vs. Russia, France, and the UK (Triple Entente).
Who were the two politicians that led the conservatives and liberals in Spain during the Turnismo period?
Antonio Cánovas del Castillo (conservatives) and Práxedes Mateo-Sagasta (liberals).
Caciquismo
The control of local politics and voters through the manipulation of influential individuals
Name at least three advances made during this time period.
Lightbulb, stainless steel, dynamite, car, helicopter, submarine, microscope improvement, pasteurization, fridges, typing machine, telephone, Fordism, publicity
What were the main reasons for the conflicts during the Balkan Wars (1912-1913)?
Nationalist rivalries and territorial disputes among Balkan states.
What was the cause of the first Moroccan crisis in 1905, involving Kaiser Wilhelm II and a French protectorate?
Germany's dissatisfaction with the French protectorate in Morocco.
What was the secret treaty signed in 1885 between Cánovas del Castillo and Mateo-Sagasta to maintain the Turnismo system?
Pacto de El Prado.
Suffrage
The right to vote
Describe the impact of new business structures like cartels, trusts, and holdings on industries during the second half of the 19th century.
These structures influenced production decisions, pricing, and the overall organization of industries.
What were the main consequences of the Opium Wars in China?
China was forced to give Hong Kong to the UK and Macao to Portugal. China had to accept the Unequal Treaties. In response to Western influence, a Chinese secret society named the Boxers started a revolution.
Identify two major consequences of the annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1908.
Protests in Serbia, leading to tensions with Austria, and Russia's alliance with Serbia.
Name at least two significant events and/or challenges during Alfonso XIII's reign between 1902 and 1923?
The Turnismo crisis, increasing violence and conflicts, the creation of the Mancomunidad de Catalonia, working class movements, the Huelga de la Canadiense in 1917, and the problems associated with the protectorate in North Morocco, including the Desastre de Annual in 1921.
Ultimatum
A final demand or statement of terms, the rejection of which could lead to severe consequences.