Scientists
Enlightened Thinkers
Art
Society of the 18th Century
Power and Reform
100
Formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation, uniting heaven and earth under the same physical laws
Who is Newton?
100
English philosopher who argued for natural rights of life, liberty, and property; government exists by consent of the governed.
Who is Locke?
100
Artistic movement inspired by classical Greece and Rome, reflecting Enlightenment ideals of order, reason, and civic virtue.
What is Neoclassicism?
100
growth of cities and towns during the 18th century as trade, manufacturing, and population increased
What is urbanization?
100
permanent, professional military forces maintained by monarchs to defend their realms and assert authority
What are standing armies?
200
Used the telescope to observe moons of Jupiter and phases of Venus; supported heliocentrism; condemned by the Church
Who is Galileo?
200
Wrote The Spirit of the Laws; promoted separation of powers and checks and balances in government.
Who is Montesquieu?
200
Grand, emotional artistic style used by absolutist rulers and the Catholic Church to inspire awe and devotion.
What is Baroque?
200
Gatherings where philosophes discussed ideas, spreading intellectual and political debate
What are salons?
200
Corresponded with philosophes, and attempted to modernize Russia, though she strengthened serfdom
Who is Catherine the Great?
300
Polish astronomer who proposed the heliocentric theory, challenging the traditional geocentric model
Who is Copernicus?
300
Argued in The Social Contract that sovereignty resides in the general will of the people.
Who is Rousseau?
300
18th-century artistic style known for lightness, pastel colors, and playful themes, often associated with aristocratic leisure.
What is Rococco?
300
wealthy, landowning class that dominated political and social life
Who are the Aristocracy?
300
Enlightened monarch who promoted education, religious tolerance, and legal reform, yet expanded his army and territory
Who is Frederick the Great?
400
Promoted empiricism and the inductive method—knowledge based on observation and experimentation
Who is Bacon?
400
French writer who advocated for freedom of speech, religion, and thought, and criticized organized religion and intolerance.
Who is Voltaire?
400
Name of the artwork- playful, flirtatious scene symbolizing elite decadence. 
What is The Swing?
400
Scottish economist who wrote The Wealth of Nations (1776); advocated for laissez-faire capitalism and the invisible hand
Who is Adam Smith?
400
abolished serfdom, promoted religious tolerance, and attempted reform, though many changes were reversed after his death
Who is Joseph II?
500
French philosopher who emphasized deductive reasoning and believed in “I think, therefore I am.”
Who is Descartes?
500
Chief editor of the Encyclopédie, which aimed to spread Enlightenment ideas and challenge traditional authority.
Who is Diderot?
500
Type of artwork
What is Baroque?
500
urban middle class — merchants, professionals, and financiers — who gained economic power through trade and industry but lacked the political privileges of the nobility
What is the Bourgeoisie?
500
form of monarchy where rulers applied Enlightenment principles (rational reform, tolerance) while maintaining absolute power
What is enlightened despotism?