Sampling
The individuals who actually participate in a study; a subset of the population
What is a sample?
The word most commonly associated with external validity
What is generalizability?
A type of research design which involves the detailed observation of a single individual, group, or context. Often used to study rare or unique cases.
What is a case study?
A finding that has been consistently demonstrated across multiple studies is considered to be ____.
What is replicable or trustworthy?
The name of the researcher in charge of the Stanford Prison Experiment?
Who is Philip Zimbardo?
The individuals a researcher is interested in studying; approximated by the sample
What is the population?
Persons, Contexts, and Times
This facet of research methodology matters more than sample size when it comes to ensuring external validity.
What is sampling technique?
A type of replication where all components of the original design (procedure, materials, context, persons, etc.) are kept the same in the new experiment.
What is direct replication?
In the Stanford Prison Experiment, participants reported behaving differently because they knew they were being watched. This issue with reactivity poses a threat to the study's _______.
What is construct validity?
A sample that does a bad job of approximating the population.
What is a biased sample?
Information collected about the participants in a study; often used to test whether a sample is representative of the population.
What is demographic information?
The sampling technique most commonly used in social science research.
What is convenience sampling?
A type of replication where one or more components of the original design (procedure, materials, context, persons, etc.) are changed in the new study.
What is a conceptual replication?
In the Stanford Prison Experiment, participants were all upper-class, white, and male. This issue with sample characteristics poses a threat to the study's _______.
What is external validity?
A sample that does a good job of approximating the population.
What is a representative sample?
In her original study, Dr. Graham was interested in creating a math intervention for second grade students in Ohio. She tests the intervention on 184 second-grade students in Kent, Ohio. The results of the original study indicated that her intervention was effective for second-grade students. She then wonders whether her intervention would also work for eight-grade students. She conducts a second study (using the same intervention and design) with a group 184 eighth-grade students in Kent, Ohio. The results of the new study indicate that her intervention was not effective for eighth-grade students. How should she interpret these results?
What is the intervention might be effective for second graders but does not generalize to eighth graders.
The acronym WEIRD stands for these descriptive characteristics.
What is Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic.
When a direct replication is carried out by someone other than the original researcher(s).
What is an independent replication?
In the Stanford Prison Experiment, participants were not fully informed about the harms associated with participation. This issue with reactivity poses a threat to the study's _______.
What is informed consent or ethics?
Simple Random Sampling, Systematic Random Sampling, Stratified Random Sampling, Cluster Sampling, and Multistage Sampling are all forms of this technique.
What is probability sampling?
Pollsters at The Literary Digest want to predict the outcome of the 1936 presidential election. The pollsters ask 2 million American voters who they plan to vote for in the upcoming election. After reviewing the demographic information taken from their sample, the pollsters that their sample is much wealthier than the American electorate. What should they do next?
What is limit the generalization of their findings?
The sampling technique most likely to produce a representative sample.
What is simple random sampling?
This facet of the original experiment must be held constant across both direct and conceptual replications.
What is the research question?
In the Stanford Prison Experiment, guards were allowed to leave the "prison" when they were off duty and prisoners were allowed to leave . This difference in experimental procedure poses a threat to the study's _______.
What is internal validity?