A
Tendency people have to attribute others' actions to their character, ignoring the impact that situational factors might have on that behavior.
Fundamental attribution error
by Festinger
Individuals experience discomfort when holding conflicting beliefs or attitudes. This discomfort motivates them to reduce the inconsistency.
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Caring about the welfare of other people and acting to help them, above oneself.
Altruism
The presence of others discourages an individual from intervening in an emergency situation.
Bystander Effect
A person holds to a belief or set of beliefs even when confronted with contrary evidence
Belief Perseverance
Big Five Personality Factor
Openness to experience
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
When someone experiences a physiological or psychological need, such as reducing hunger or boredom, he / she feels a drive to satisfy that need.
Drive-reduction theory
Type of Defense Mechanism
A person redirects an emotional reaction from the rightful recipient onto another person or object
Displacement
Our belief that the world is fair, and consequently, that the moral standings of our actions will determine our outcomes.
Just world phenomenon
When an individual is faced with a decision to pursue or avoid something that has advantages and disadvantages
Approach-avoidance
Lewin's motivational conflict theory
process by which an individual’s attitudes, beliefs or behavior are modified by the presence or action of others.
Social Influence Theory
psychological state where one feels anonymity and a diminished sense of self-awareness
deindividuation
when a group of individuals reaches a consensus without critical reasoning or evaluation of the consequences or alternatives.
Groupthink
Type of Defense Mechanism
People express the opposite of their true feelings, sometimes to an exaggerated extent
Reaction formation
Group of like-minded people reinforce each other's opinions
Group polarization
Type of Defense Mechanism
A person seem to return to an earlier developmental stage during the period of stress
Regression
Carl Rogers
Acceptance and support of a person regardless of what the person says or does
Unconditional positive regard
Personality test in which you offer responses to ambiguous scenes, words, or images
Projective personality
Describes the empirical relationship between stress and performance
Optimal level of stress results in optimal performance
Yerkes-Dodson Law
a social group or culture's informal norms that distinguish how one should express oneself
display rules
process in which a person who is acceptable to all members of a group, is substantively neutral, and has no decision-making authority, is chosen to intervene in a group's process to help it meet its agreed purpose.
Group facilitation
How external rewards motivate individuals to perform specific actions or achieve goals.
Incentive theory
How individuals frequently overestimate how much others share their beliefs, values, and behaviors.
False Consensus effect
A view that there is a reason for everything an individual does and it is related directly to something that has occurred in that individual’s past.
Freud
Psychoanalytic perspective /
Psychodynamic Perspective
Tendency to develop preferences for things simply because we are familiar with them
mere-exposure effect