Mitosis
What phase does a cell spend 90% of its time in?
Interphase
What is it called when there are two copies of each type of chromosome?
Diploid cell
What are the three local and one long-distance signaling?
-Autocrine, Paracrine, and Juxtacrine
Long-distance
-Endocrine
What are dendrites connected to?
What are the four steps to a change in the internal or external environment?
Stimulus, Receptor, Effector, and Response
What are the three phases of Interphase?
G1, S, and G2 phase
Which phase does crossing over occur in?
Prophase 1
What is apoptosis?
programmed cell death
Neurotransmitters are an example of which type of communication?
Short-distance communication
Define negative feedback
A response that diminishes the stimulus
What are the four phases of mitosis?
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase
What is nondisjunction?
the failure of separation between replicated chromosomes
What is the name of plant cells channeled together to allow materials including messages to move between cells?
Plasmodesmata
Define Action Potential
neurons become active and the membrane permeability and membrane potential change
Define postive feedback
A response that enhances the stimulus
What is the purpose of checkpoints?
Monitor the order and integrity of the major events in the cell cycle
When chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis 1, what is the result?
Four mutated gametes
What are the three stages of cell signaling in order?
1. Reception
2. Transduction
3. Response
What is the function of electrical synapses?
Allow neurons to pass electrical current to neurons
Blood Glucose regulation is an example of...
negative feedback loop
What is the purpose of the M phase checkpoint?
The check if the spindle fibers are properly attached
How many chromosomes are in a germ cell at the beginning of prophase 1?
46 chromosomes
What are the three main types of receptors in the plasma membrane?
G-protein linked
Tyrosine Kindases
Ion channels
What are the two changed in membrane potential in post synaptic cells?
1. Excitatory
2. Inhibitory
What is the purpose of a relay?
Transmit the message to effector via nerves/hormones