4.2
Type of reasoning that moves from the general to the specific.
BONUS: Type of reasoning that moves from the specific to the general.
deductive reasoning
inductive reasoning
BONUS: Two schools of thought that came from the Scientific Revolution that shaped Enlightenment thinking.
Enlightenment
rationalism/empiricism
Political economist that argued limits should be placed on population growth.
BONUS: What term refers to a style of farming that comes from producing just enough to live on a daily basis?
Thomas Malthus
subsistence farming
What class began to grow out of the Enlightenment due to a growing money economy?
BONUS: What was the massive increase in the desire Europeans had in being more consumer goods due to having more disposable income referred to as?
middle class
Consumer Revolution
True or False: Enlightenment thinkers believed in the monarchs absolutist view in their divine right as rulers.
BONUS: Explain what the term divine right meant to absolutist rulers.
False (Enlightenment thinkers argued in favor for the social contract being the basis for ruling.)
It was a monarchy's belief that they were hand picked by God to rule their subjects.
General principles about how the way the world worked that were created during the Ennightenment.
BONUS: Who is credited for creating these laws?
natural laws
Issac Newton
What term refers to the idea that individuals must sometimes surrender some freedoms to a popular sovereign authority.
BONUS: Which Enlightenment thinker coined this way of thinking?
social contract
Thomas Hobbes
What refers to the process of changing lands to make them suitable for farming?
BONUS: Give me one example of agricultural advancements made during the 18th century that promoted economic growth.
land reclamation
crop rotation, selective breeding, enclosure movement, etc.
Define the term cottage industry.
BONUS: How did the increase of consumerism shift goods into becoming more commercially made?
It refers to someone who sells or makes a product from home.
It helped create more jobs and stimulated the economy into pushing Europe into a more industrialized economy that was factory based.
Term given to monarchs in the 18th century that accepted and welcomed Enlightenment principles as rulers.
BONUS: What was one way they reflected this in their actions as rulers?
enlightened monarchs/despots
They limited the nobles ability to punish peasants, abolished tax exemptions for the clergy and nobles, established religious toleration, and worked to codify laws.
Belief that the universe is sun-centered.
BONUS: Which philosopher coined this way of thinking?
heliocentric
Copernicus
Examples of these are life, liberty, health, and the pursuit of happiness.
BONUS: Which Enlightenment thinker argued that humans are born with these rights?
natural rights
John Locke
The bubonic plague is an example of what type of common ailment that swept through Europe in periodic waves?
BONUS: What was the most devastating disease of the late 17th and 18th centuries across Europe?
epidemics
smallpox
BONUS: What was the name of the same type of establishment that was created for women primarily?
coffee houses
salons
What was the name of the law system Frederick the Great created as leader of Prussia?
BONUS: True or False - He abolished serfdom in Prussia.
Prussian Common Law
False
Belief that the universe is earth-centered.
BONUS Which philosopher coined this way of thinking?
geocentric universe
Johannes Kepler
Enlightenment thinker that argued people in their natural state lived freely and happily, but civil society was necessary to secure this freedom.
BONUS: Prominent Enlightenment thinker that argued for religious tolerance and free thought.
Jean Jacque-Rosseau
Voltaire
How did the European marriage pattern tend to limit population growth?
BONUS: How did peasants moving from rural to urban areas cause a change in the marriage pattern?
late marriage age, small age difference, nuclear households
They were released from traditional family constraints.
Edict that Joseph II signed into action when he became leader of Austria that established religious toleration and freedom for Jews.
BONUS: True or False - The previous ruler, his mother Maria Theresa, agreed with this law.
Edict of Toleration
False
New way of a systematic approach to acquiring knowledge created during the Scientific Revolution.
BONUS: Which philosopher coined the term of inductive reasoning?
scientific method
Francis Bacon
Economic belief that dominated European economic thinking from the 16th to 18th centuries that was based off of a nation's power being connected to their amount of gold or silver resources.
BONUS: What did Adam Smith argue in terms of economic principles?
mercantilism
Invisible Hand - self interest guides economic choices
What were at least two problems that European cities faced in the 18th century due to shifting population trends?
BONUS: Name given to institutions that took care of unwanted children.
overcrowding, poor sanitation, inadequate housing, etc.
foundling hospitals
Term defined as the belief that an individual's primary loyalty should be to the nation and only the nation.
BONUS: What is one negative aspect of this belief system?
nationalism
It takes away the role religion can play in ones life, it can make a nation arrogant or egotistical, it can cause nations to war with other nations out of pride, etc.