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Explains how we interpret and explain the cause of a behavior
Attribution theory
An individual’s unique and relatively stable patterns of behaviors, thoughts, and emotions.
Personality
The forces that drive behavior and mental processes
Motivation
A complex psychological process distinct from reasoning
Emotion
the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes, regulating things like temperature, hydration, and blood sugar
Homestasis
_____ is how we think or feel about something; attitudes shape our perception and behavior
attitude
____reserve positive feelings for other members of the group
In-group bias
What is Extrinsic motivation? Example?
External rewards
What is intrinsic motivation? Example?
the greater the internal rewards the higher our intrinsic motivation
____ is Innate, fixed patterns of behavior in response to stimuli
Instinct
What are Lewin's three types of conflicts?
Approach-Approach
Approach-avoidance
Avoidance-avoidance
What hormone increases hunger? What hormone signals fullness?
Ghrelin & Leptin
____people see members of the out-group as more similar to each other than members of their group
Out-group homogeneity bias
What is Social facilitation?
tendency for people to perform simple or well-learned tasks better when in the presence of others, and conversely, perform more complex tasks worse (social inhibition)
Optimal arousal varies by task complexity
Yerkes-Dodson Law
This theory explains motivation by focusing on external rewards and consequences
Incentive theory
What is the Arousal Theory?
People seek optimal levels of physiological arousal
What theory focuses on psychological rather than physiological needs
Self-Determination Theory
What are the 3 fundamental psychological needs that must be satisfied to be healthy and effective according to the Self-Determination Theory?
Autonomy - feel in control of your behavior and goals
Competence - feel capable and effective
Relatedness - feel a sense of belonging and attachment to others
The _____ ______ prophecy says that beliefs or expectations influence behavior
Self-fulfilling prophecy
What is discrimination
a negative behavior toward members of a group
What is the facial-feedback hypothesis
suggests physical expressions influence emotional experience
What is Belongingness?
the feeling of being accepted, included, and connected to a group or community
What is explanatory Style
A pattern of how people explain good and bad events
What is Actor/observer bias?
the tendency to attribute dispositional explanations of behaviors when we observe other people’s behaviors but attribute situational explanations to ourselves.
Maria is in class when a student named Jordan gives a short presentation. Jordan seems nervous, speaks quietly, and forgets part of the material. After the presentation, Maria says,
“Jordan is just bad at public speaking.”
Maria’s conclusion best demonstrates which concept?
Fundamental attribution error
What is Social comparison?
Evaluate one’s abilities, opinions, and beliefs by comparing them to others
What is prejudice ?
an attitude founded on unjustified, usually negative judgements, attitudes, or beliefs
How do positive emotions influence thought patterns and behavior, using the broaden-and-build theory to explain how emotions shape awareness, decision-making, and social interaction.
Broaden awareness
Encourage new thoughts and actions
Over time, build skills and resources
Joy sparks the urge to play
Curiosity leads to exploration and learning increasing knowledge
Explain Sensation-Seeking Theory
Proposes that people have different needs for novel experiences
What is the mental discomfort you feel when your beliefs, attitudes, or values don’t match your actions.
Cognitive dissonance
How do negative emotions influence thought patterns and behavior, using the broaden-and-build theory to explain how emotions shape awareness, decision-making, and social interaction.
Narrow thinking
Reduce awareness
Limit potential responses
What are the four types of sensation seeking
Thriller/adventure seeking
Experience-seeking
Disinhibition
Boredom susceptibility
_____ is the tendency to see the world as fair and believe people get what they deserve based on their behaviors.
Just-world phenomenon
______ is when someone is first asked to agree to a small request, making them more likely to later agree to a larger, related request.
Foot-in-the-door technique
After receiving her math test results, Kayla earns an A and says,“I did great because I studied really hard and I’m good at math.”The next week, she fails a history test and says,“The teacher didn’t explain the material well, and the test was unfair.” Kayla’s reactions best illustrate which concept?
Self-serving bias
What is the Locus of Control?
an individual's perception of the causes of events in their life.
What is Internal locus of control? What is external locus of control? Give examples
ILC- belief that you control your life
ELC- belief that outside forces control your life
_____ is how we form impressions of others when we have limited information
Person perception
What is the Mere exposure effect
repeated exposure increases liking
______ is the tendency for a group to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclination, often amplifying pre-existing opinions and attitudes through group discussion
Group polarization -
____ is a large, unreasonable request is initially made, followed by a smaller, more reasonable request, increasing the likelihood of compliance with the second request.
Door-in-the-face technique