Part 1
POSSIBLE SHORT ANSWER: What was the Avignon Papacy? Be sure to list the consequences as well.
The Avignon Papacy, also known as the Babylonian Captivity, was the 72-year-period when the popes reigned from France and Avignon from 1305 to 1377.
The consequences of moving to Avignon are:
1. Pope subject to the French kings as he is nearby
2. Angered Germans, Italians, and all Europeans
3. Nepotism--favoritism towards family--was involved
4. Bishops owing more than Bishoprics
What caused the Hundred Years' War?
This war was caused by the French and English rivalry when Edward III of England was told that he could not take the throne as an excuse. But they said Philip of Valois can though. This was all because of England and France's infamous rivalry.
Which voices did St. Joan hear?
St. Michael the Archangel, St. Catherine, and St. Margaret
What does Renaissance mean?
Renaissance - rebirth
*rediscovery of ancient Greek/Roman art, architecture, and literature
POSSIBLE SHORT ANSWER: Who was John Wycliffe and what ideas did he introduce?
John Wycliffe was a radical heretic that King Edward III supported. He claimed that righteous clergy had any authority from God. Wycliffe also claimed that if the Pope was bad, then Edward did not need to listen to him. He also denied Transubstantiation and rejected the Sacraments.
Why was the longbow effective?
Because it can shoot arrows very quickly.
Who won the Siege of Orleans?
The French
POSSIBLE SHORT ANSWER: What is Humanism and what did it teach?
Humanism is a philosophy that emphasized secular over spiritual goods. It taught that man, not God, is the center of the world and that human ideas, not the Church, should guide life and human society. One of the Humanist phrases is: "Man is the measure of all things."
POSSIBLE PARAGRAPH: What happened during the Great Schism? How was it so destructive to the Church?
Before the Great Schism, Urban VI was elected as Pope by Rome, but the French did not like this decision. The French decided to elect their own Pope as they thought they were threatened. So the "new Pope" was chosen to be Urban VII, who was the anti-pope. Because of this, the French and the Romans, and everyone else, started to wonder who the real pope was: Pope Urban VI or Urban VII? This was insanely destructive to the Church because all of the faithful members of the Church were picking sides too! Countries, like Scotland, Spain, and Southern Italy went with Avignon, but Northern and Southern Italy went with Rome.
Who won the battles of Crecy, Poiters, and Agincourt?
The English
Who won the Battle of Patay?
The French
POSSIBLE SHORT ANSWER: Who was Niccolo Machiavelli and what did he say a good ruler should use?
Niccolo Machiavelli was a Humanist Italian politican who wrote the Prince. The Prince said that a good ruler should use fear, bullying, terror and make his subject bend to his will. He posed the question: "Is it better to feared than loved?" He answered: "It is better to be feared than loved if you cannot be both."
How did the Council of Pisa try to end the Great Schism?
The Council of Pisa was a council that deposed both popes. So then, they appointed Alexander V as Pope, but other popes refused to resign. So the Council of Pisa did nothing, but add another Pope which makes three.
POSSIBLE SHORT ANSWER: What were the conditions of the Treaty of Troyes?
The conditions of the Treaty of Troyes said:
1. Charles VI can marry daughter to Henry V
2. Charles VI's son would be the rightful king of France
3. The rightful heir would be disinherited by his own mother
Who were the Ottomans? Who were the Janissaries?
Ottomans - promoted Jihad (very strict with Islam), picked away parts of the Byzantine Empire, needed soldiers so they created Janissaries
Janissaries - took boys, indoctrinated them in Islam, and were solely loyal to the Sultan
What was the result of the siege of Constantinople?
The Hagia Sophia turned into a mosque.
How did the Council of Constance end the Great Schism?
The Council of Constance declared that John XXIII should be deposed in which he accepted. Gregory III decided to abdicate, but Benedict XIII refused to resign. Instead, Benedict flew to a fortress and died claiming he was Pope. Then, the council deposed him, and, because he promised to give up his throne but did not, he was guilty of perjury. Lastly, the council chose Martin V as the last pope.
What are the different factions in France and who did they support?
Two factions in France:
1. Armagnacs = True France under the Dauphin, Charles VII
2. Burgundians = Under the duke of Burgundy who are allied to the English
POSSIBLE PARAGRAPH: What happened to St. Joan during her trial? (How does it break standards of the Inquisition? How did they find her guilty? etc.)
St. Joan's trial was pretty unfair as they did anything to find her as a witch or heretic. Pope Cauchon was paid by the English to try St. Joan and he found judges that were loyal to him. Jeanne pleaded that the court case should go to the Pope, but the English said no. Eventually, three judges out of 90, found her guilty, but Bishop Cauchon only used those three to execute Joan. Jeanne died on the feast day of Corpus Christi.
POSSIBLE SHORT ANSWER: Who was the first tsar, what did he do, and what did they claim to make Moscow the "Third Rome?"
The first tsar was Ivan the Terrible who declared himself as tsar and ruled like an emperor, reducing the power of nobles. The claim that since they were set up by the Orthodox Church that they are successors to the Roman and Byzantine Empire.