Explorers
Traveled across the Atlantic from Spain and was the first European to encounter the Americas in 1492
Who was Christopher Columbus?
Interactions between the Eastern and Western hemispheres in which diseases, foods, and animals were shared
What was the Columbian Exchange?
A Spanish labor system that rewarded conquerors with the labor of conquered non-Christian peoples
What was the Encomienda system?
empires based on sea travel
What were the Maritime empires?
heavily armed Spanish ships
What were the Galleons?
Portuguese monarch who was the first European monarch to sponsor seafaring expeditions to search for an all-water route to the east
Who was Prince Henry the Navigator?
12.5 million Africans were captured and brought through the Middle Passage—across the Atlantic—to labor in the New World
What was the transatlantic slave trade?
Spanish estates in the New World where state owners directly employed natives, who had low wages, high taxes, and large debt to landowners; basis of wealth and power for local aristocracy
What was the hacienda system?
established in China by the Manchu, ruled 1644-1911
What was the Qing Dynasty?
crops grown for sale rather than subsistence, like sugar and tobacco
What were cash crops?
Portuguese sailor, who sailed around the southern tip of Africa in 1488?
Who was Bartholomew Diaz?
the dispersion of Africans out of Africa (largely through the transatlantic slave trade)
What was the African Diaspora?
Incan system of labor obligation that the Spanish co-opted into a coercive labor system
What was the mit'a system?
Central African kingdom whose kings converted to Christianity to establish closer trading and diplomatic relations with Europeans, became a prominent source for slaves which ultimately lead to its downfall
What was the Kingdom of the Kongo?
economic policy that focuses on a nation's ability to export as much as possible and import as little as possible; overseas colonies helped this because they supplied raw materials
What was Mercantilism?
Portuguese sailor who sailed around the southern tip of Africa to India, where he claimed territory for Portugal, in 1498
Who was Vasco Da Gama?
A grueling journey of captured Africans across the Atlantic Ocean?
What was the Middle Passage?
Arrangements through which servants signed a contract to work for a specified period of years in exchange for passage to the New World
What was indentured servitude?
African kingdom on the Gold Coast that expanded rapidly after 1680, participating in the Atlantic economy, trading gold, slaves, and ivory
What was the Asante Empire?
economic model through which investors financed trade by buying shares in corporations, sharing both the profits and the risks
What were joint-stock companies?
Spanish explorer whose voyage was the first to circumnavigate the globe
Who was Ferdinand Magellan?
complete control/exclusive right to trade
What was a Monopoly?
A system in which individuals were considered as property to be bought and sold
What was chattel slavery?
agreement in 1494 in which Spain and Portugal divided the Americas between them, giving Brazil to Portugal and the rest of the Americas to Spain
What was the Treaty of Tordesillas?
1680 rebellion by the Pueblo and Apache against Spanish attempts to force religious conversions
What was the Pueblo Revolt?