Blood Vessels
Lymphatic Structures
Immunity
Urinary System
Miscellaneous
100
The three types of capillaries
Continuous, Fenestrated, and Sinusoid
100
What are the two main lymphatic ducts and what vessels do they drain into?
Thoracic duct (left subclavian) and right lymphatic duct (right subclavian)
100
Describe the four mechanisms of phagocytosis
Chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion
100
What is the definition of polyuria?
Frequent urination
100
What are two other terms for urination?
Voiding and micturation
200
Which arteries carry blood to the brain?
vertebral artery and the internal carotid (remember the external carotid carries blood to all structures of the head except the brain)
200
What are the functions of lymph nodes?
They filter out injurious substances and phagocytose them and a site of proliferation of lymphocytes and monocytes
200
What are the classic symptoms of inflammation?
Redness, Swelling (edema), Heat, Pain, Loss of function
200
What are the two types of nephrons?
Cortical and juxtamedullary
200
What role does ADH play in regulating urine volume?
Increases amount of water reabsorbed from tubular filtrate into blood (less urine)
300
The three layers of the arterial and venule walls and what they are made of
Tunica Adventitia (Externa), Tunica Media, and Tunica Intima
300
Where are large clusters of lymph nodes located?
Mammary glands, axilla, groin
300
Describe the structure of an antibody
Two heavy chains consisting of 400 amino acids and two light chains consisting of 200 amino acids held together by disulfide bonds
300
What are the three steps of the formation of urine?
Glomerular filtration, Tubular reabsorption, Tubular secretion
300
How many calories would you burn if you hit your head against the wall for an hour?
150 cal
400
What are the two ways that the liver receives blood
hepatic artery (oxygen) and the hepatic portal vein (nutrients)
400
Where is the thymus gland located and what are its functions?
Superior to the heart; forms lymphocytes before birth and is the site of T cell maturation after birth
400
Name and describe the steps in the inflammatory process
Vasodilation and increased permeability, Phagocyte migration, Repair
400
What is the purpose of the vasa recta?
To maintain the osmotic gradient in the medulla of the kidney by recycling sodium and chloride
400
What are the general steps in the immune process?
Recognition of antigen, Proliferation and differentiation into effector and memory cells (clonal selection), Elimination of intruder
500
Describe the four pressure types
Blood Hydrostatic Pressure, Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure, blood colloid osmotic pressure, and interstitial fluid osmotic pressure
500
What are the five functions of the spleen?
Defense, Hemopoiesis, Destruction of worn out/defective RBC and platelets, Platelet storage, Reservoir of blood
500
Name and and give the locations of the five immunoglobulins
IgG (80%; blood), IgA (body secretions, sweat, mucus, tears, etc.), IgM (blood/lymph), IgD (B cell surfaces), IgE (Mast cells and basophils)
500
In what order does filtrate flow through the nephron
Glomerulus --> Proximal Convoluted Tubule --> Loop of Henle (Descending limb, Ascending thin limb, ascending thick limb) --> Distal Convoluted Tubule --> Collecting tubule
500
What are the five functions of hepatocytes?
Maintain blood glucose levels, Detoxification, Lipid Metabolism, Amino Acid Catabolism, Produce Bile
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