A Revolution in Astronomy
A model of the universe that has Earth fixed at the center
What is the Ptolemaic System
This English mathematics professor wrote Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy in which he defined the three laws of motion in the Universe
Who is Issac Newton
This English philosopher emphasized natural law, specifically, life, liberty, and property, and had a great influence on the Declaration of Independence.
Who is John Locke
This Scottish Philosopher founded modern economics and published The Wealth of Nations, which argued that the government had only three legitimate functions: protecting society from invasion, defending citizens from injustice, & maintaining public works.
Who is Adam Smith
monarchs of this time tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while retaining royal power
What is Enlightened absolutism
A model of the Universe that has the Sun fixed at the center, and the planets revolve around it
What is the heliocentric theory
Newton's Universal Law of ______ claims that every object in the Universe is attracted to every other object by a force called gravity
What is the universal law of gravitation
This French philosopher argued that the separation of powers within government & a system of checks and balances was the best way to protect people’s liberty.
Who is Baron de Montesquieu
This economic theory argues that the natural economy should not be interfered with by government regulations.
What is laissez-faire
As a result of winning the French and Indian War, this country gained control of India and much of North America, making it the most powerful empire in the world
What is the British Empire
A german mathemetician who confirmed that the Sun was at the center of the Universe by tracking the orbits of planets
Who is Johannes Kepler
This philosopher is credited with the creation of the Scientific method
Who is Francis Bacon
This French philosopher most strongly believed in freedom of speech & religious toleration, and he used biting wit to expose the abuses of his day in works like Candide.
Who is Voltaire
This person was the most famous philosopher to emerge in the late 1700s. In The Social Contract (1762), he presented the idea of a social contract in which members of society agree to be governed by the general will. Unlike many Enlightenment thinkers, this person believed that emotions, as well as reason, were important to human development.
Who is Jean-Jacques Rousseau
The first plan of government used by the Founding Fathers was called
What are the Articles of Confederation
The church punished this Italian scientist and mathematician for heresy by forcing him to recant his support for heliocentrism, banning his book, and sentencing him to house arrest for life. He also said that heavenly bodies were composed of material substance like earth and were not pure orbs of light.
Who is Galileo Galilei
The first three steps of this scientific process are making an observation, identifying a problem, and proposing a hypothesis
What is the Scientific Method
This Enlightenment thinker produced a 28-volume encyclopedia that explained the new thinking on government, philosophy, and religion.
Who is Denis Diderot
This enlightenment thinker argued that women were as rational as men & as capable of being responsible, free citizens. In A Vindication of the Rights of Women, she argued that, as rational beings, women should have the same educational, economic, and political rights as men.
Who is Mary Wollstonecraft
This person is the founder of the religious movement of Methodism
Who is John Wesley
This Prussian scientist published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres in 1543, which put forth the heliocentric theory, arguing that the Sun is the center of the universe around which all the planets revolve.
Who is Nicholas Copernicus
This philosopher has been called the father of modern rationalism
Who is Rene Descartes
This Enlightenment Thinker studied governments to find natural laws governing social and political relationships & published his ideas in The Spirit of the Laws (1748). Republics, monarchies, & despotism (absolutism) were the three kinds of governments he identified.
Who is Baron de Montesquieu
This religious philosophy was based on the belief that God created the world and then set natural laws into motion without interfering in people's daily lives
What is Deism
Handel composed a symphony in which it is customary for people to do this during the Hallelujah Chorus
What is Stand