Enlightenment Idea
This thinker argued that governments must protect natural rights such as life, liberty, and property.
John Locke
High prices of this essential food contributed to unrest in France before the revolution.
Bread
This country was the first to industrialize.
Britian
This revolution created the first independent nation in the Americas based on Enlightenment ideas.
The United States
This European country unified in 1871.
Germany
This philosopher promoted the separation of powers in government.
Montesquieu
Enlightenment ideas encouraged people to challenge this type of monarchy.
Aboslute Monarchy
This invention allowed multiple threads to be spun at once.
Spinning Jenny
This slave revolt created the first independent Black republic.
Haitian Revolution
This Italian revolutionary led the Red Shirts army.
Giuseppe Garibaldi
This Enlightenment idea states that political authority comes from the people.
Popular Sovereignty
This social class of merchants and professionals helped lead many revolutions.
Bourgeoisie
This resource powered early steam engines and factories.
Coal
This leader helped liberate much of South America from Spanish rule.
Simon Bolivar
This strategy focused on practical political goals rather than ideology.
Realpolitik
This philosopher wrote The Social Contract.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Heavy debt and unfair taxation helped trigger this 1789 revolution.
The French Revolution
Industrialization caused many people to move from rural areas to these growing cities.
Urbanization
This Mexican priest helped start the Mexican independence movement in 1810.
Miguel Hidalgo
This Prussian leader united Germany through wars and diplomacy.
Otto von Bismarck
This Enlightenment thinker promoted freedom of speech and religion.
Voltaire
This idea of loyalty to one's nation inspired many revolutions and unifications.
Nationalism
This invention allowed factories to produce identical machine parts quickly.
Interchangeable Parts
This document, written in 1776, declared independence from Britain.
The Declaration of Independence
These two European countries unified due to nationalist movements in the 1800s.
Germany and Italy
Enlightenment thinkers challenged this traditional form of government where rulers held absolute power.
Absolute Monarchy
The success of earlier revolutions in America and France inspired these independence movements in Latin America.
Haitian Revolution and the Latin American Revolutions
This process allowed steel to be produced more efficiently during the Second Industrial Revolution.
Bessemer Process
This Latin American social class of people of Spanish descent led many independence movements.
Creoles
Nationalism helped weaken these large multiethnic empires in Europe during the 19th century.
Austrian Empire / Ottoman Empire