Age of Enlightenment
Define the Age of Enlightenment.
The Age of Enlightenment was an intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries.
Mostly challenged the authority such as the absolute monarchs.
Name the Atlantic Revolutions.
French Revolution
Haitian Revolution
Latin American Revolution
Define Industrial Revolution.
Shift from hand production to machine-based manufacturing
Caused major social and economic changes
Spread globally
Define Imperialism
a policy of when a country tries to expand its power by controlling other countries or territories, using military force or political influence
Define Nationalism
strong feelings of support for one's nation
Name one revolution that was inspired by the Enlightenment.
- French Revolution
- Haitian Revolution
- Latin American Revolution
What are 2 causes of the French Revolution?
- Unfair government.
- France was in debt.
- People wanted equal rights.
- people could not afford food (bread)
Which natural resource did Great Britain have, that became important during the Industrial Revolution? Why?
Coal is a combustible rock, meaning that it burns easily when set on fire. Coal-fueled engines replaced water wheels as the main source of energy for factories.
What led to the Opium War?
- Trade imbalance
- British weakening through opium trade to open up trading ports.
List 3 characteristics of Nationalism.
Shared language
Shared culture
Shared religion
Share beliefs and ideas on government (politics)
Ethnic groups
What is one cause of the Enlightenment?
-Power of the Absolute Monarch
-Protestant Reformation and Scientific Revolution Influence
-Increased Book Production and Literacy
-Urbanization, Salons, and Coffeehouses
Why were the Haitians revolting against the French?
- Wanted freedom, rights
- Wanted to be treated equally
- Code Noir
- Unfair Laws
Why did many farmers migrate to cities where factories hired large numbers of workers?
Innovations, such as the seed drill, made the process of planting seeds easier and more efficient [quicker] which meant that fewer farmers were needed to produce the same amount of food -- fewer farming jobs.
Who was King Leopold II of Belgium and what was he known for?
Leopold II ruled Belgium from 1865-1909
Colonized Congo
Known for brutal regime in Free Congo State
Who believed Germany could be unified through "blood and iron" (through war and military strength)?
Otto von Bismarck
Whose ideas were that every man has the right to life, liberty, and land (property)?
John Locke
Who was the leader of the Haitian Revolution?
Toussaint L'Overture
Define Labor Reform Movements
an attempt to improve working conditions, hours, and pay for workers
What was the Berlin Conference?
(1884–1885) was a meeting held in Berlin, Germany and organized by Otto von Bismarck, the first chancellor of Germany, during which European countries decided how they were going to divide up Africa for colonization.
Who controlled the government during the Reign of Terror?
Maximillien Robespierre
What was Baron de Montesquieu's most well-known idea?
- 3 branches of government
- Separation of powers
During the French Revolution, which government system did France start with, and which government system did it end with?
Started with an absolute monarchy and ended with a constitutional monarchy.
Define Meiji Restoration
After the fall of the Tokugawa Shogunate, the period of industrialization began in Japan, also known as the Meiji Restoration (modernization).
Meiji Restoration = Modernization
Japan began to trade with other countries.
Began to adopt ideas from European countries and the United States relating to government, and technologies to strengthen economy, communication, and transportation.
What led to the Seopy Rebellion?
- Enfield Rifles-- the use of pig/cow fat on the cartridges
- Sepoys (Indian Soldiers) against the British rule: unfair treatment, unequal trade, increased cultural and racial insensitivity from British officers, etc.
What are the 4 stages of the French Revolution in order?
Stage 1: The National Assembly
Stage 2: The Reign of Terror
Stage 3: The Directory
Stage 4: Age of Napoleon