DNA, my old friend
State two differences between DNA and RNA
sugar, double vs. single strand, uracil vs. thymine
What is the END GOAL of transcription and translation?
Synthesize proteins!
How are prokaryotic genes regulated?
What are telomeres?
Ends of chromosomes.
What are promoters?
Regions of DNA with a specific base sequence that signals RNA polymerase to bind.
What are the three main components of a DNA nucleotide?
phosphate group, 5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose), nitrogenous base
A sequence of three unpaired bases is called a ________ which translates into one _________.
Codon, amino acid
The failure of chromosomes to separate is referred to as:
nondisjunction
What type of point mutation occurred below?
AACGCTG
UUCCGAC
Substitution.
What are the four components of an operon.
Promoter, Repressor, Operator, Genes.
What is Chargaff's Rule?
A=T and C=G
What are the three main steps of translation?
Initiation, Elongation, Termination
Name the genetic disorder that causes red blood cells to become misshapen resulting in poor oxygen transport.
Sickle cell anemia.
What is polyploidy AND what causes it?
extra sets of chromosomes and nondisjunction
Ribosomes are composed of _______ and ____________ (hint: includes a number)
rRNA and 80 proteins
State the three main roles of DNA.
1. Store information
2. Copy information
3. Transmit information
mRNA- carries instructions from nucleus to ribosome
tRNA- carries amino acids to ribosomes
rRNA- makes up ribosomal subunits
Name the mechanism that results in Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21).
Nondisjunction
What is the start codon? What does it code for?
AUG. Methionine.
Give two REASONS (not examples) of why mutations are not always harmful.
May be silent or result in a protein that is beneficial to the organism.
Explain the procedure of the experiment which determined that DNA was in fact the genetic material. (You must state the name of the experiment in your answer).
Hershey-Chase experiment. Radioactively labeled either protein or DNA of viruses and traced what was injected into host cells.
State the "reactants and products" and locations of both transcription and translation.
Transcription- DNA --> mRNA (nucleus)
Translation- mRNA --> protein (ribosomes)
Name the inherited genetic disorder that causes persistent lung infections and limits the ability for an affected individual to breathe.
Cystic Fibrosis
What is the central dogma of biology?
DNA --> mRNA --> Protein
Transcription Translation
Using the provided codon chart, translate the following DNA template into a polypeptide.
TAC - CGC - TGA - GGG
Methionine - Alanine - Threonine - Proline