The Enlightenment
The Enlightenment was a movement that challenged the authority of what two institutions in Europe?
Absolute Monarchies and the Catholic Church
Who was the leader of the Haitian Revolution?
Toussaint L'Overture
What are three factors that contributed to the industrial revolution beginning in Great Britain?
Large deposits of coal, navigable rivers, numerous harbors, and location with access to shipping and trading routes
What was China's stance toward Western influence and commerce for much of its history?
Resistance. trade was limited to a single port (Canton)
What is Imperialism?
the domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region.
reason, truth, and human experience
Which group (specific name!) led the French Revolution and why?
The third estate. They paid the majority of the taxes while the top two estates did not.
How did the industrial revolution impact settlement patterns throughout the world?
This led to urbanization as people moved closer to factories.
What were two effects of the opium trade in China?
The Opium Wars and the opening of China to western powers.
Why did many European countries begin colonizing other places in the second half of the 1800s?
(two reasons)
The Industrial Revolution created an increased demand f
Name four Enlightenment thinkers.
John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Montesquieu, Thomas Hobbes, Diderot, Mary Wollstonecraft
Who is the most significant figure of the Latin American Revolutions and what motivated them in their efforts?
Simon Bolivar. He was motivated by the unfair mercantilist policies that limited the Creole elites' rights and favored the peninsulares.
Name three ways in which the industrial revolution negatively impacted the life of the working class.
1. low wages
2. poor working conditions
3. crowded and unsanitary living conditions
4. child labor
5. diseases (cholera)
What was the Meiji Restoration why did it begin?
A movement to modernize and westernize Japan in the late 19th century following the fall of the Tokugawa Shogunate. This was done following the forcible opening of trade with the West and the realization they were far behind them in terms of industry.
The rush for European countries to colonize Africa is often referred to as what?
The Scramble for Africa
Name the four major processes that occurred as a result of the Enlightenment.
1. Political Revolutions
2. Rise of Feminisim/Women's Sufferage Movements
3. Emancipation Movement
4. Creation of Democratic Governments
Name the most important revolutionary documents for each of the following revolutions.
1. American Revolution
2. French Revolution
3. Latin American Revolutions
1. Declaration of Independence
2. Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen
3. Jamaica Letter
Explain how the Industrial Revolution both changed the condition of women while also representing a continuity.
Many women began wage labor positions. However, their positions were often unskilled and they received lower wages than men.
How did Japan and China have different stances toward Western influence by the beginning of the 20th century?
Japan opened up to Western trade and influence while China continued to resist.
Explain the theory of Social Darwinism and the civilizing mission.
The racist theory that Europeans were genetically superior to other cultures. As a result imperialism was justified and it is their responsibility to "civilize" the rest of the world.
Explain the theory of the social contract and who created it.
The belief that a government only gets its power from the consent (permission) of the governed (people). This was created by Jean-Jacques Rousseau
The French Revolution is known for its extreme violence. What is the name for this period of the revolution and the leader who carried out much of this violence?
The "Reign of Terror" carried out by Maximillian Robspierre
What conditions created by the Industrial Revolution motivated Karl Marx and Frederich Engels to develop their theory of communism? What did they believe must happen to society in order for communism to be achieved?
The oppression of the working class (proletariat) by the upper class (bourgeoisie). They believed there must be a revolution in order for the working class in order to overthrow the bourgeoisie.
What were two civil wars in China during the 1800s?
Taiping Rebellion and the Boxer Rebellion
What is a specific example of anti-imperialism in India in the 19th century?
Sepoy Rebellion