The Enlightenment Thinkers
This English philosopher wrote Leviathan and argued that people must surrender most freedoms to an absolute ruler to avoid a "war of all against all."
Who is Thomas Hobbes?
The name of the middle and lower-class people who made up the overwhelming majority of the population and paid most of the taxes in pre-revolutionary France.
What is the Third Estate?
The colonists' protest against taxation without representation was the primary cause of this North American revolution.
What is the American Revolution?
This movement, which gained traction during the Enlightenment, sought the immediate and complete end to the slavery trade and institution.
What is abolitionism?
The Italian term for the "resurgence" movement that sought to achieve political unity for the Italian peninsula.
What is the Risorgimento?
The French philosopher who championed freedom of speech, religious tolerance, and separation of church and state, famously stating, "I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it."
Who is Voltaire?
This event, occurring on July 14, 1789, involved the symbolic destruction of a Parisian political prison and marked the beginning of the French Revolution.
What is the Storming of the Bastille?
This nation's revolution was the only one in the Atlantic World led by enslaved people, resulting in the establishment of an independent, non-slave-holding republic.
What is the Haitian Revolution?
The key demand of the suffrage movement in the 19th and early 20th centuries.
What is the right to vote (for women)?
The name of the German economic union that began in 1834, eliminating internal tariffs and strengthening Prussia's position among the German states.
What is the Zollverein?
In The Social Contract, he argued that government legitimacy comes from the "general will" of the people.
Who is Jean-Jacques Rousseau?
The period (1793-1794) led by Maximilien Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety, characterized by mass executions via the guillotine.
What is the Reign of Terror?
The American document, primarily written by Thomas Jefferson, that explicitly outlined the grievances against the British Crown and the doctrine of popular sovereignty.
What is the Declaration of Independence?
This early feminist writer argued in A Vindication of the Rights of Woman that women were not naturally inferior to men but only appeared to be because of a lack of education.
Who is Mary Wollstonecraft?
This military leader and his volunteer army, known as the "Red Shirts," were key to conquering the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in southern Italy.
Who is Garibaldi?
This idea, articulated by John Locke, asserts that the right to rule is a contract between the government and the governed, which can be broken if the government fails to protect rights.
What is the social contract?
The name of the conservative reaction to the excesses of the Revolution, which saw the execution of Robespierre and a shift to a more moderate government.
What is the Thermidorian Reaction?
This Mexican priest issued the "Grito de Dolores" in 1810, beginning the Mexican War of Independence, though he was later captured and executed.
Who is Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla?
The 1825 establishment of a railway in Great Britain using this new form of energy (and machine) led to massive improvements in transportation and migration.
What is the steam engine?
The German policy of using war and military force to achieve national aims, famously articulated as settling questions with "blood and iron."
What is Realpolitik?
The 18th-century movement in Europe and the Americas that emphasized reason, individualism, and skepticism over tradition.
What is the Enlightenment?
This former French general seized power in 1799, ending the French Revolution and proclaiming himself Emperor in 1804.
Who is Napoleon Bonaparte?
The Spanish colonial social hierarchy that placed Creoles (Spaniards born in the Americas) below the Peninsulares (Spaniards born in Spain), which fueled the Latin American independence movements.
What is the Casta System?
This religious and spiritual revival movement in the United States and Great Britain in the early 19th century fueled social reforms, including abolitionism and temperance.
What is the Second Great Awakening?
The name of the two specific territories annexed by Prussia after the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871) that remained a source of French resentment for decades.
What are Alsace and Lorraine?