Vocab
Term used to describe large-scale farming and ranching operations that employ vast land bases, large mechanized equipment, factory-type labor forces, and the latest technology.
Commercial Agriculture
An agricultural model that spatially describes agricultural activity in terms of rent. Activities that require intensive cultivation and cannot be transported over great distances pay higher rent to be close to the market. Conversely, activities that are more extensive , with goods that are easy to transport, are located farther from the market where rent is less.
Von Thunen Model
What Is Agriculture
The growing of plants and/or animals for food.
The first agricultural revolution is also known as the _________ Revolution
Neotholic
Which of the following best explains the spatial patterns illustrated in von Thünen’s model?
A) The cost-to-distance ratio of the land-rent curve indicates that the highest-cost land is in large-scale plots on the outermost ring of the model.
B) The cost-of-labor inputs are related to a crop's distance from the market, as more labor-intensive farming is done in large-scale plots far from the market town.
C) Highly perishable agricultural goods are produced in small-scale plots far from the market town, so that they can be more quickly traded with other communities.
D) Labor-intensive farming of vegetables is done in small-scale plots in market gardens, while extensive grain crops are grown in large-scale fields far from the market town.
E) Labor-intensive planting and harvests of wheat and corn are done in small-scale plots in market gardens, while less labor-intensive pasturing of sheep or beef cattle takes place in large-scale plots on the outermost ring of the model.
D) Labor-intensive farming of vegetables is done in small-scale plots in market gardens, while extensive grain crops are grown in large-scale fields far from the market town.
An agricultural activity involving the raising of livestock, most commonly cows and goats, for dairy products such as milk, cheese, and butter.
Dairying
Farming methods that preserve long-term productivity of land and minimize pollution, typically by rotating soil- restoring crops with cash crops and reducing in-puts of fertilizer and pesticides.
Sustainable Agriculture
Which of the following countries imports most of it's wheat?
A. Australia
B. Russia
C. Japan
D. France
C: Japan
Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers.
Green Revolution (3rd)
Which of the following scenarios best explains the Columbian Exchange?
A) Grain crops such as wheat, oats, and barley were introduced to Europe as a result of interaction with indigenous people in the Americas. Prior to this, the only significant grain crops grown by Europeans were rice and corn.
B) Many new diseases were introduced to European colonizers when they began to explore the Americas. In particular, diseases like smallpox, influenza, and the measles decimated many of the early colonial populations.
C) Domesticated animals such as cattle, horses, pigs, and chickens were introduced to the Americas by European colonizers. Prior to this, very few animals had been domesticated in the Americas.
D) Crops such as potatoes and tomatoes were introduced to the Americas. Prior to European contact, these crops had only been grown in Europe: potatoes primarily in northern Europe and tomatoes primarily in southern Europe.
E) Many crops that became valuable cash crops were introduced by European colonial powers to the Americas. Specific examples of these valuable plantation crops are tobacco, cacao, and pineapples.
C) Domesticated animals such as cattle, horses, pigs, and chickens were introduced to the Americas by European colonizers. Prior to this, very few animals had been domesticated in the Americas.
farming in which only enough food to feed one's family is produced
Subsistence Farming/Agriculture
Organisms in which the genetic material (DNA) has been altered in a way that does not occur naturally by mating and/or natural recombination.
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO)
Europeans evolved from farming a single field in early medieval times to rotating
crops into how many different sections or fields by the 18th century?
A) One.
B) Two.
C) Three.
D) Four.
E) Five.
D: Four
This agricultural revolution industrialized agriculture at the time of the Industrial revolution. There were many new innovations that caused mass farming to become possible.
2nd Agricultural Revolution
Which of the following best explains the significance of similarities between the farming practices for apple orchards and grape vineyards?
A) Both farming practices occur in the same climate region, which is found in places such as Italy and South Africa.
B) Both farming practices require considerable labor input because the fruit is picked by hand, making it a product of intensive agriculture.
C) Both farming practices are used for tropical plantation crops grown on large estates with hired labor who plant and harvest crops.
D) According to von Thünen, both farming practices occur in the outermost areas of agricultural land.
E) According to land-rent theory, both farming practices are found on small farms and must be located close to markets.
B) Both farming practices require considerable labor input because the fruit is picked by hand, making it a product of intensive agriculture.
An agricultural system characterized by low inputs of labor per unit land area.
Extensive Agriculture
Movement of soil components, especially topsoil, from one place to another, usually by wind, flowing water, or both. This natural process can be greatly accelerated by human activities that remove vegetation from soil.
Soil Erosion
Where is pastoral nomadism practiced?
India and Africa
The Green Revolution led to an increase in food production in many places around the world, but there have been some negative consequences. Which of the following explains one of the negative consequences of the Green Revolution that would be of greater concern for people in developing countries than for people in more-developed countries?
A) Runoff of agricultural chemicals into the local groundwater that pollutes water resources
B) Excess production of grain products for which there is no market
C) Increase in the acreage used for agriculture that affects the open space surrounding villages
D) Collapse of the grain export market that results in farm foreclosures
E) Double-cropping processes that lead to soil erosion and a decline in soil fertility
A) Runoff of agricultural chemicals into the local groundwater that pollutes water resources
Which of the following explains the prevalence of banana plantations in Central America?
A) Bananas were first domesticated in Central America and were later cultivated to be exported to the United States and Canada.
B) Bananas were first domesticated in Central America and then hybridized to grow in other climate zones around the world.
C) Banana plants were brought to Central America from Southeast Asia to be grown closer to markets in the United States and Canada.
D) Banana plants were brought to Central America from sub-Saharan Africa to be grown closer to markets in the United States and Canada.
E) Banana plants were brought to Central America by early European colonizers to provide a staple food crop for local farming populations.
C) Banana plants were brought to Central America from Southeast Asia to be grown closer to markets in the United States and Canada.
A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals.
Pastoral Nomadism
A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period.
Shifting Cultivation
What are the four kinds of crops?
Which of the following best explains a negative economic consequence of the Green Revolution in less developed countries as compared to more developed countries?
A) Farmers in less developed countries who had previously grown only one crop were forced to grow multiple crops, leading to increased production costs and fewer exports from less developed countries to more developed countries.
B) The increased demand for fertilizer in more developed countries, which was required for the new crop varieties, led to fertilizer shortages in less developed countries.
C) The overuse of expanded irrigation systems resulted in flooding and damage to export crops in less developed countries, which led to higher food prices in more developed countries.
D) Because of the increased capital investment required to produce new crop varieties using technology that was pioneered in more developed countries, there was an increase in wealth disparity in many farming communities in less developed countries.
E) The new crop varieties encouraged people to continue to have large families, leading to overpopulation in less developed countries and increasing the need for food aid from more developed countries.
D) Because of the increased capital investment required to produce new crop varieties using technology that was pioneered in more developed countries, there was an increase in wealth disparity in many farming communities in less developed countries.
Agriculture is practiced at the local scale, and agricultural yields are measured at the national scale. Which of the following best explains why the concept of the global system of agriculture is helpful to geographers?
A) The concept is most useful for predicting local productivity and market changes.
B) The concept is the best way to map out the environmental effects of agricultural land use.
C) The concept is a way to help countries that have become highly dependent on an export commodity.
D) The concept helps geographers simplify and visualize a vast and complicated global supply chain.
E) The concept helps geographers be specific and consider every detail about global farming practices.
D) The concept helps geographers simplify and visualize a vast and complicated global supply chain.