Bacteria
What are the two kingdoms of bacteria?
Archaea and Eubacteria
Define these terms: reservoir, vector, and zoonotic/
Reservoir: where a disease resides (cowpox in a cow)
Vector: holds the disease and transports it from organism to organism
Zoonotic: a virus that is passed from animals to humans.
What is a lysozyme? What is a lymphocyte? (They are unrelated, yet sound similar)
Lysozymes protect from harmful bacteria by attacking the bacteria's cell wall. Lymphocytes are white blood cells. The create antibodies with B cells (memory cells), make helper T cells, and make killer T cells.
What is a mushroom to fungi? What is its technical name?
A mushroom is a fungi’s reproductive structure and is called the fruiting body.
VIRUS! What are the types of diseases caused by viruses
oncogenic virus, retrovirus, adenovirus, herpes virus, and pox virus
What are the three bacteria shapes? What are the three types of coccus bacteria?
What are the parts of a T4 bacteriophage?
The head, the DNA, the tail sheath, and the tail fiber.
What are the two main types of immunity? Define them.
Nonspecific and specific immunity. Nonspecific immunity attacks against anything and does not differentiate what it is. Specific immunity attacks against antigens with T cell and B cell white blood cells.
What makes up fungi’s cell wall?
Chitin
VIRUS! What are some types of viral diseases we learned about?
HIV, Polio, and COVID-19
What are the two types of reproduction that bacteria go through. Explain how.
Asexual and sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction is called binary fission (a cloning process). Sexual reproduction is conjugation. The pili connects between two bacteria and plasmids go through the pili and into the other bacteria.
What is the structure of a virus? What do they all have? What do some have?
All viruses have a protein coat (capsid) and nucleic acid. Some have an envelope.
What is the difference between an antigen and a pathogen?
What are the parts of a fungi/ mushroom?
CaP, gills, stalk, and hyphae. Mycelium is a mass of hyphae
What causes malaria?
Plasmodium
What are the parts of bacteria?
Cell wall, flagella, pili, plasmid, and ribosomes.
What are three types of viruses?
Bacteriophages (only infection bacteria), retroviruses (weave their DNA in with the host cells), and prions (protein molecules)
What are the two main types of immune system disorders? Define them?
1) Autoimmune diseases: the immune system turns against itself and attacks your own cells.
2) Immunodeficiency diseases: components of the immune system are lacking.
What are the three types of fungi (in their relation to other organisms)?
Symbiotic (lichen), saprophytic (yeast), and parasitic (athlete’s foot/ ringworm).
What are the three types of protists?
Protozoa (animal-like), algae (plant-like), and slime molds
Why do we need bacteria? Why are some bacteria bad and other good? (Provide examples)
Bacteria are helpful for our digestion, to decompose, to ferment, for nitrogen fixation, and for medical uses. They are bad because they can make us incredibly sick. The Bubonic Plague is a bacterial disease.
What is the lytic cycle? How is it different from lysogenic replication?
1) attach 2) enter 3) replicate 4) assemble 5) release
The lytic cycle destroys the host cells while the lysogenic cycle does not.
In the lysogenic cycle, the virus DNA is attached to yours and can remain dormant.
Explain how different components of the human body help the immune system. (Integumentary, Respiratory, Digestive, and Circulatory systems)
Integumentary - skin, hair, and mucus
Respiratory - nasal mucus, hair, coughing, and sneezing
Digestive - stomach acids kill pathogens
Circulatory - moves white blood cells and other defensive molecules To the pathogen
What is lichen? What are its parts? How is it symbiotic?
Lichen is a symbiotic combination between blue-green algae/ cyanobacteria and fungi. The fungal hyphae is attached to algal cells (that make up the algal layer). The algal cells photosynthesize and keep the fungi alive and the fungi give the algal cells a place to stay.
What is a paramecium?
A single-celled, slipper-shaped protist that moves very fast.