DNA Replication
What is the process of creating identical copies of DNA?
DNA replication
What is transcription?
The process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template
What is gene expression?
The process by which information from a gene is used to synthesize a functional protein
What is CRISPR used for?
CRISPR is used for gene editing to modify DNA sequences
Compare DNA replication and transcription
DNA replication copies the entire DNA molecule, while transcription synthesizes RNA from a specific gene
What enzyme unwinds the DNA double helix?
helicase
What is the role of mRNA in translation?
mRNA carries the genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis
How do transcription factors regulate transcription?
Transcription factors bind to specific DNA sequences, influencing the recruitment of RNA polymerase
How is genetic engineering applied in agriculture?
Genetic engineering is used to create genetically modified organisms (GMOs) for improved traits like pest resistance
Compare transcription and translation
Transcription converts DNA to RNA, while translation converts RNA to protein
Describe the semi-conservative nature of DNA replication
Each new DNA molecule consists of one original strand and one newly synthesized strand
What is the function of tRNA?
tRNA transports amino acids to the ribosome and matches them to the codons on the mRNA
What are epigenetic tags?
Chemical modifications on DNA or histone proteins that affect gene expression without altering the DNA sequence
Describe a medical application of DNA technology
DNA technology is used in diagnosing genetic disorders through genetic testing
What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene expression?
Prokaryotic gene expression occurs in the cytoplasm without introns, while eukaryotic gene expression occurs in the nucleus with introns and involves processing
What is the role of DNA polymerase in replication?
DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to form a new strand of DNA using the original strand as a template
Describe the genetic code
The genetic code consists of codons, which are sequences of three nucleotides that correspond to specific amino acids
Explain the lac operon
The lac operon is a set of genes in E. coli that are regulated together to manage lactose metabolism, depending on the presence of lactose
What role does biotechnology play in environmental science?
Biotechnology is used in bioremediation to clean up environmental contaminants
How do DNA and RNA differ in structure?
DNA is double-stranded with deoxyribose sugar, while RNA is single-stranded with ribose sugar and contains uracil instead of thymine
Explain the process of PCR
PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) amplifies DNA by repeated cycles of denaturation, annealing, and extension
Explain alternative splicing
Alternative splicing allows different combinations of exons to be joined together, producing various protein isoforms from a single gene
Describe the consequences of methylation on gene expression
Methylation can repress transcription and lead to decreased gene expression
Explain gene therapy
Gene therapy involves the insertion of genes into a patient's cells to treat or prevent disease
Compare the roles of different types of RNA
mRNA carries genetic information, tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome, and rRNA is a structural component of ribosomes