Learning By Association
A learning method where we associate two stimuli, enabling us to anticipate events.
What is classical conditioning?
Any consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again in the future
What is reinforcement?
A belief that one has no control over their circumstances, learned through repeated exposure to uncontrollable events, leading to feelings of passivity and lack of effort to change the situation.
What is learned helplessness?
Examines how observable behaviors are learned and reinforced through interactions with the environment.
What is behavioral perspective?
A process of learning in which an individual forms connections between events that occur together.
What is associative leanring?
A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without any learning needed.
What is unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
Presenting a desirable stimulus after a behavior to increase the likelihood of that behavior happening again in the future.
What is positive reinforcement?
Learning by observing the consequences of others' actions, without directly experiencing those consequences oneself.
What is vicarious conditioning?
The reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest, suggesting that extinction does not erase the association but suppresses it temporarily.
What is spontaneous recovery?
A natural and automatic reaction to a stimulus that occurs without any prior learning or conditioning.
What is unconditioned response (UR)?
A previously neutral stimulus that, after being repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus, evokes a conditioned response.
What is conditioned stimulus (CS)?
Adding an aversive stimulus after a behavior to decrease the likelihood of that behavior happening again in the future.
What is positive punishment?
Learning that occurs without any obvious reinforcement or motivation, but is not demonstrated until there is a reason to do so
What is latent learning?
Learning that occurs when organisms grow accustomed to and exhibit a diminished response to a repeated or enduring stimulus
What is habituation (non-associative learning)?
A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened or weakened by consequences, such as reinforcement or punishment.
What is operant conditioning?
The innate tendency of organisms to quickly learn associations between certain stimuli and responses that are relevant to their survival, such as food and danger.
What is biological preparedness?
Removing an aversive stimulus after a behavior to increase the likelihood of that behavior happening again in the future.
What is negative reinforcement?
Mental representations of spatial relationships or layouts, allowing individuals to navigate and understand their environment.
What is cognitive maps?
Behaviors followed by favorable outcomes are more likely to be repeated, while behaviors followed by unfavorable outcomes are less likely to be repeated.
What is The Law of Effect?
Reinforcement is delivered after a fixed amount of time has passed since the last reinforcement, leading to a predictable pattern of behavior.
A process where a previously conditioned stimulus is used to create further associations with new neutral stimuli, resulting in those stimuli also eliciting a conditioned response.
What is higher-order conditioning?
Removing a desirable stimulus after a behavior to decrease the likelihood of that behavior happening again in the future.
What is negative punishment?
The theory that emphasizes the importance of observing, imitating, and modeling behaviors, as well as the role of cognitive processes, in learning from others within social contexts.
What is social learning theory?
Reinforcement is delivered after an unpredictable number of responses, leading to a high and steady rate of responding with minimal pauses.
What is variable ratio?
A sudden understanding of a problem or situation that leads to a solution without prior trial and error, often accompanied by a feeling of "aha" or realization.
What is insight learning?