Classical or operant conditioning?
Pavlov taught dogs to salivate to the tone of a bell through which conditioning?
Classical conditioning
What is Ivan Pavlov associated with?
His classical conditioning experiments with dogs salivating at the sound of a bell
What is preparedness?
Biological predisposition to learn associations, such as a food and nausea, that has survival value
What is personal control?
our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless.
What is modeling?
The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
The “Skinner box” is an example of which type of conditioning?
Operant conditioning
What type of experiments did Skinner do?
Operant conditioning: used operant chambers to teach animals to press a lever that would result in them getting food.
What is instinctive drift?
Tendency of a learned behavior to gradually revert to biologically predisposed patterns.
What is learned helplessness?
the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or person learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events.
In the Bobo doll experiment, how did the actions the children viewed before interacting with the doll affect their actions toward the doll?
The children who watched the actor punch the doll were more likely to be aggressive, whereas the children who weren’t exposed to the aggressive actor weren’t aggressive to the doll
Snoopy’s stomach started to growl at the sound of the can of food being opened. List the UCS, UCR, CS, and CR.
UCS: food UCR: stomach growls CS: sound of can opening CR: stomach growls
Who experimented with rats and mazes and ultimately discovered the concept of a “cognitive map?”
Edward Tolman
A child is watching a show. One of the characters likes ice cream, and the other likes brussels sprouts. How might the character’s favorite foods affect the child’s perception of the characters?
The child will most likely like the character who likes ice cream more, as the child loves ice cream and therefore has a positive attitude to the character who also likes ice cream. The child most likely won’t like the Brussels-sprouts liking character as the child associates Brussels sprouts with disgust.
What are some physical affects of a sense of a loss of control?
Higher blood pressure, higher stress hormones, and dropped immune responses
Catchphrases, fads, foods, and traditions are all spread through human interactions. This is because humans naturally…
Imitate and copy each other
A child learns through watching cartoons that out of a bear, and turtle, a dog, and a tiger, that only the dog will happily respond to being pet on the head. The child then pet a dog, and the dog wagged its tail and happily rubbed up against her. What kind of stimulus was the dog, and what was the reinforcer that will now encourage the child to pet more dogs?
The dog was a discriminative stimulus against the other animals. The happy tail and rub was a positive reinforcer.
Who ran the Bobo doll experiments, where children were shown aggression towards the doll, and then proceeded to be aggressive to the doll?
Albert Bandura
You’re exploring your new college town. Someone approaches you and asks where the nearest coffee shop is, and you give them perfect directions to the shop. What kind of learning did you demonstrate?
Latent learning-learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.
What’s the difference between problem-focused and emotion-focused coping?
Problem-focused aims to change or alleviate the stressor, where emotion—focused causes us to ignore the stressor and first tend to our own emotional needs
what is prosocial behavior?
positive, constructive, helpful behavior. Explains how we may see someone helping another person, and then feel inclined to do the same
A child is crying at the store because their mom won’t give them a candy bar. Finally, their mom caves in and buys the candy bar. What are the reinforcers in this situation?
the child gained a candy bar after crying, which will encourage them to cry for what they want. The child then stopped crying after receiving the candy bar, which is a negative reinforcer, as the mom will continue to give the child what it wants to remove their crying.
Which psychologist proved that rats can learn to avoid radiation-infected water?
John Garcia
Why would it be difficult to teach a bird to flap its wings to obtain food?
We’re predisposed to make associations that are naturally adaptive. A pigeon would have an easier time learning to peck for food, as pecking is something it already associates with eating.
What is the difference between external and internal locus of control?
External: forces outside of our control determine our fate
internal: we control and determine our fate
What is the violence-viewing effect?
People will become less sensitive to violence and more aggressive and less compassionate after having viewed violence in the media