DNA Structure & Nucleotides
The double-helical molecule that carries the genetic instructions of most living organisms.
DNA
What molecule carries the instructions for building proteins from DNA to the ribosome?
mRNA
What type of mutation occurs when a single nucleotide is substituted for another in a DNA sequence?
Point Mutation
What molecule is known as the “blueprint of life,” and carries genetic instructions for all living organisms?
DNA
What molecule carries the genetic message from DNA in the nucleus to ribosomes for protein synthesis?
mRNA
In DNA, adenine pairs with what other nitrogenous base?
Thymine
What molecule is often described as the “translator” of genetic information and carries amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis?
tRNA
Insertions or deletions of nucleotides that shift the reading frame, often causing drastic changes to the resulting protein, are known as...?
Frameshift Mutations
What technology allows scientists to read the exact sequence of nucleotides in a DNA molecule?
DNA Sequencing
What molecules bring specific amino acids to the ribosome during translation?
tRNA
A DNA nucleotide consists of a phosphate group, a sugar called deoxyribose, and a...?
Nitrogenous Base
The set of three-nucleotide sequences on mRNA that specify amino acids are called...?
Codons
What DNA repair pathway fixes mismatched bases that escape proofreading during DNA replication?
Mismatch Repair (MMR)
What technique produces millions of copies of a DNA fragment in a few hours, enabling tests, cloning, and research?
The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
The sequence of three nucleotides on mRNA that codes for a single amino acid is called...?
A Codon
The amount of guanine equals what nucleotide in a double-stranded DNA molecule?
Cytosine
What role does AUG serve in protein synthesis?
Start Codon
What covalent linkages between adjacent pyrimidine bases are induced by UV light and often lead to mutations if left unrepaired?
Thymine Dimers
What technology allows researchers to create entirely artificial DNA sequences or modify organisms’ genetic circuits?
Gene Synthesis
During translation, the tRNA has a sequence complementary to the mRNA codon that ensures the correct amino acid is added. This is called...?
An Anticodon
In DNA, the strands run antiparallel, meaning one strand runs 5’ to 3’ while the complementary strand runs in...?
3' to 5'
What highlights evolution's impact on the canonical triplet code?
Genetic Code
Mutations in germline cells can lead to heritable genetic changes, and when such changes provide a selective advantage, they drive...?
Natural Selection
What cutting-edge technique can profile thousands of genes at the level of individual cells, revealing cell-type differences and functions within complex tissues?
Single Cell RNA Sequencing
If the mRNA codon sequence is 5’-AUG-GCU-UAC-3’, what is the corresponding sequence of anticodons on the tRNA molecules going to be?
3’-UAC-CGA-AUG-5’