This amendment grants citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States.
What is the 14th Amendment?
Channels that allow individuals to communicate their preferences to policymakers.
What are linkage institutions?
Examples of this type of interest group include AFL-CIO, AARP, and One Million Moms.
What are membership groups?
Election coverage that focuses on polling and public perception of candidates rather than policies or ideas.
What is horse race journalism?
The current officeholder, who has an advantage when seeking reelection.
What is Incumbent?
This amendment changed the election of U.S. senators from state legislatures to a direct vote by the people.
What is the 17th amendment?
An official list of principles, goals, and strategies that a party believes in and will implement if elected to office.
What is a political platform?
Examples of this type of interest group include the American Bar Association and the American Medical Association.
What are expert groups?
Emotionally appealing words that sound nice but have no supporting arguments or substance.
What are glittering generalities?
The formula for how many Electoral Votes each state receives in the Electoral College.
What is #Senators + #Representatives?
The 24th amendment eliminated this practice, which served as a barrier to voting during the Jim Crow era.
What are poll taxes?
A person's views on their own ability to make a difference by voting in an election.
What is political efficacy?
Individuals who benefit from the work of an interest group without providing support.
What are free riders?
Misrepresenting an opponent's position in order to refute it without engaging the true issue.
What is a straw man?
A hired professional who assists with strategy, marketing, polling, and other campaign tasks.
What is a political consultant?
When an individual is loyal to a party and votes for their candidates regardless of who or what they stand for in the election.
What is party-line voting? (or straight ticket voting)
Any registered voter can request a ballot and vote in the election to choose a party's nominee.
What is an open primary?

What are insurgent groups?
The words represented by the abbreviation PAC.
The number of Electoral Votes needed to secure a majority and win the election.
What is 270?
When individuals decide who to support based on predictions about how the candidate will perform in the future.
What is prospective voting?
Once used to select the nominee, now a ceremonial event at which the party announces which candidate has won the primaries to represent that party.
What is a party convention?
The Supreme Court case that struck down limits on campaign spending by corporations and interest groups, using the principle of free speech.
What is Citizens United v. FEC?
The 2002 law that attempted to reduce attack ads by limiting corporate spending and requiring a message from the candidate at the end of each ad.
What is the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act?
The two states that award their Electoral Votes proportionally, rather than using the winner-take-all method.
What are Maine and Nebraska?