Pollution
Eutrophication
Solid Domestic Waste
Depletion of Stratospheric Ozone
Acid Deposition
100
"Addition to the biosphere of a substance or an agent (such as heat) by human activity, at a rate greater than that at which it can be rendered harmless by the environment, and which has an appreciable effect on the organisms within it”
What is pollution?
100
The addition of excess nutrients to a water system, which leads to the growth and subsequent death of algae, which reduces the dissolved oxygen available for other aquatic organism
What is the definition of Eutrophication?
100
Solid Domestic Waste
What is know to be "the garbage or trash which has no value to the producer"
100
T- 75% of all gases in atmosphere, gets colder the higher you go, weather occurs here S- Gets warmer the higher you go, has horizontal winds, has the ozone layer M- Gets colder the higher you go, Meteor showers occur here T-Very hot (2000+) , Aurora Borealis and Aurora Australis , Ionosphere occurs here ( radio waves reflected) E- Outermost layer of atmosphere, Satellites orbit here
What is the structure and composition of the ozone?
100
1) directly emitted by a factory or automobile SO2, NOx 2)react with prior pollutants and other substances in the atmosphere to create different pollutants H2SO3 H2SO4 HNO3
What is the difference between primary and secondary pollutants?
200
sources of pollution which can be traced to a specific place or location, such as pipes, ditches, channels, sewers, tunnels, and containers and single identifiable localized source of air, water, thermal, noise or light pollution
What is known as the 2 different sources of pollution?
200
1) Nutrients enter waterbody 2) Algae grow quickly in due to excess nutrients. 3) The algae block sunlight to aquatic plants, slowing photosynthesis, reducing oxygen release in the water 4)Decomposers increase due to increase in food supply (algae), and use all the oxygen for respiration resulting in high BOD levels. 5) Fish and other consumers die due to the lack of oxygen and lack of food from bottom of food chain.
What is the process of Eutrophication?
200
MEDC’s generate more trash than those in LEDC’s but rural residents generate more organic waste than people living in cities
What is higher the level of SDW in MEDCs or LEDCs?
200
UVa- wrinkles UVb- reacts with melanin causing skin cancer and sunburn UVc-Damage to organisms and tissues, interferes with photosynthesis in producers
What is the effect of UV radiation?
200
1) acidic rain, snow, other precipitation 2)acidic gas/ dry particle not mixed with water
What is the difference between the 2 types of acid deposition?
300
1)Release GHG's, acid rain and contributing to respiratory 2)Food waste, sewage, rubbish (glass, plastics, paper, wood, metals) 3)Heavy metals, acids, heat (in air and/or water) 4)Fertilizers, animal waste, and pesticides all contaminate waterbodies
What is known to be a major source of pollution? (Name 4)
300
They are the most common nutrients responsible for eutrophication. Detergents, fertilizers, livestock waste. human sewage and topsoil erosion.
What is the role of Nitrates and Phosphates in Eutrophication and where are they from?
300
Paper, glass, metals, plastics, organic waste, packaging material, textiles, Hazardous materials, dust.
What is SDW made of?
300
1) Uv breaks off Cl from CFC molecule 2)Cl attacks an O3 tearing it apart and harming the ozone 3) This creates an O2 molecule and ClO molecule 4) ClO is attacked by a free O atom, thus releasing Cl and forming O2 5) Cl can now attack and destroy other O3 molecules, thus repeating the cycle.
What is process of ozone depletion by CFC's?
300
Direct - loss of chlorophyll and yellowing of leaves and buds stopping growth thinning of cuticle Toxic- al leached out of soil into waterbody Al disturbs salt, water, and oxygen regulating mechanisms in fish Al sticks to fish gills causing suffocation Nutrient - Soil can't retain Ca, Mg, K and other nutrients in acidic environment so they are leached out and are unavailable to trees dissolved Al ions damage root hairs , stopping absorption of nutrients N fixing bacteria don't function to their optimum Infrastructure- acid rain dissolves limestone
What is the effect of acid deposition on soil, water and living organisms?
400
1) Measure the acidity of rain water/ measure CO2, CO, or NOx levels in the atmosphere using a gas sensor 2) Conduct tests for nitrates and phosphates according to the equipments instructions/measure the level of organic matter in the soil 3) Nitrate and phosphate tests / fecal coliform tests/ tests for heavy metals
What is known to be the 2 direct methods of monitoring pollution? (Air and water)
400
Depleted Oxygen levels. Collapse of food chains therefore decreased biodiversity. Water contaminated of nitrites and cloudy water caused by turbidity and buildup of sediment.
What is the impact of eutrophication on an aquatic system?
400
UK paper 16% , glass 2%, metal 3%, plastic 18% and organic waste- 40% Malawi Paper-1.9%, glass - 03%, metal- 2.5%, plastic - 4.2%, organic waste - 20%
What is the comparison between an MEDC and LEDC in terms of whats in their SDW?
400
1) Replace : CFC's with CO2/propane/air Aerosol propellants Methylbromide pesticides with anything but GHG’s Don't use aerosol products use alternatives 2) Recover and recycle CFC's from fridges and ACs HCFC usage is better as they don't stay so long in the atmmosphere but still as harmful Laws passed to have fridges retunred to manufacturer to recover materials used to build them 3)Remove CL from atmosphere Add ozone to atmosphere
What is the Reduce-Regulate-Restore model?
400
The acid precipitation falls back to Earth rather than entering stratospheric jet and most of the regions this is in are areas which are downwind of pollution sources. Canadian forests damaged by coal-fired power plants in USA Scandinavian and German forests damaged by British coal plants
What is the reason for acid deposition to be regional and not international?
500
Amount of oxygen required to support respiration by organisms living in a water sample. High BOD indicates there are many organisms using oxygen for respiration and high pollutant levels, especially nitrate & phosphate It uses the presence or absence of 6 key organisms to indicate the relative level of pollution in a stream. Advantage: Easy to use, especially for moderately or heavily polluted sites. Disadvantages: not specific enough, doesn’t fully account for habitat quality OR Species that are present either only in polluted areas or only in unpolluted areas
What is BOD and how is it indirectly assessing pollution levels in water? How do you indirectly measure pollution levels in general with a biotic index?
500
1)Minimize nutrient release into the system by: limiting production/use of detergents containing phosphates, creating buffer zones between agricultural land and water sources,prevent animal waste from leaching into groundwater and waterbodies 2)Treating the polluted area by pumping air into the water source,divert and treat sewage, dredge contaminated sediments and physically remove algae blooms
What is known as an effective strategy to deal with eutrophication pollution?
500
1) materials are collected, separated and processed. 2) Burning at high temperatures and it's used to produce electricity. Other products are dioxins and heavy metal deposits. They take up little space and the ash is used to build roads. 3) Nutrients are returned to the soil in agri, parks and gardens. Large scale MEDC farming systems use this but it's hard to do this with human waste from sewage systems. 4) Most common way SDW is disposed as it can include all the categories of SDW. It's cheap at the start but costs rise as sites fill up. Each site must be lined to prevent leachate enetring ground or surface water sources. Decomposition creates methane which could be used for energy production.
What is known to be the strategies to deal with SDW?
500
1) UNEP makes agreements on International Trade in Harmful Chemicals Air pollution Contamination of international waterways Providing information on disadvantages of pollution 2) Montreal Protocol 1987 International agreement on the emission of ozone-depleting substances Stopped the production and consumption of CFC’s (goal of zero production by year 2000) LEDC’s given more time to implement the treaty China and India haven't met their quotas due to their rapid economic growth and high demand for fridges & AC’s
What is the role organizations play in reducing ozone‑depleting substances emissions?
500
Replace- switch to renewable energy sources Increase energy efficient products Increased public transport usage Regulate - Install ‘scrubbers’ on smokestacks of coal-fired power plants as they remove SO2 Catalytic converters used (mandatory in US, Canada, and Europe)
What is the management strategy for dealign with acid deposition? (There are 3)
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