Enlightenment
What movements did the Enlightenment lead to?
Revolutions in Europe and the Americas (American, French, Haitian, Latin American)
What are John Locke's Natural Rights that influenced the Declaration of Independence?
"Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness"
What is nationalism and what causes it?
Nationalism is extreme pride in your nationality, ethnicity, culture, or language.
It is caused by national pride, economic competition, and democracy.
Why did industrial revolution begin in Great Britain?
Political stability, geography (easy access to rivers and natural resources), capitalism
What is capitalism?
capital (wealth) and the means of production (tools and raw materials) should be owned privately
What changes were emphasized by the Enlightenment?
change in religious beliefs
new political ideas
social contract
demands for abolition and suffrage
What were political reasons for the beginning of the French Revolution?
Absolute monarchy
France in debt to foreign countries
Famines
Unfair taxes for people of lower estates
What is liberalism/socialism and what is conservatism?
Liberalism/socialism want to challenge the status quo. They are inspired by the enlightenment.
Conservatism wants to maintain the status quo. (traditionalism, monarchies)
What is the British East India company?
In India they grow a lot of cotton and then they send it to GB so they can make profits
What is communism?
Everyone pools their labor and resources to evenly distribute everything (collective ownership of wealth)
Which three political documents were influenced by the Enlightenment?
Declaration of Independence (USA)
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (France)
Jamaica Letter (South America)
Who is Robespierre and what did he do?
He is radical and the creator of the Committee of Public Safety
He used the guillotine to kill opponents of the new constitution
What were Napoleon's Reforms?
Tax equality, Public schools for boys, merit system for military/govt officials
Napoleon code (trial by jury, freedom of religion, equality for all men)
What technologies came out of the 2nd Industrial Revolution?
Transcontinental railroad, Electricity, telephone, Assmbly Line
What is capitalism's role in the Industrial Revolution?
Rousseau
What influence did the Jamaica Letter have on the Latin American Revolution?
Influenced resistance to Spanish political authority
Push for independence across Latin American countries
Causes: Agricultural and financial crisis in Europe
Effects: France is a republic, new constitution in Europe, and nationalism spreads
What happened in the Meiji Restoration?
What is Laissez-faire capitalism?
The idea that the best form of government is one that does not interfere with the economy
Which enlightenment philosopher believed in an absolute power?
Hobbes
What is the legacy of enlightenment revolutions?
Creation of enlightenment inspired constitutions
Growth of nationalism
Growth of conservatism in response to liberalism
Giuseppe Garbaldi
What happened in the Tanzimat reforms?
Ottomanism nationalism (no more millet system), Secularism, Capitulations granted to outside investors in the Ottoman Empire (no money for ottoman people)
Pros and cons of capitalism?
Cons: no government regulations
small percent of people with too much wealth
big wealth gap between rich and poor