I Remember When
This cognitive process allows us to encode, store, and retrieve information, shaping our identity and experiences.
What is memory?
This cognitive ability allows humans to communicate thoughts, share emotions, and collaborate through spoken, written, or gestured words.
What is language?
This term refers to the mental processes that enable us to acquire, understand, and use knowledge.
What is cognition?
This cognitive barrier occurs when we only see an object’s traditional use, preventing us from thinking of alternative uses.
What is functional fixedness?
When deciding which checkout line to join, Lisa picks the shortest one instead of counting how many items each person has. This mental shortcut is an example of this.
What is a heuristic?
The three stages of memory are encoding, storage, and this final process of accessing stored information.
What is retrieval?
The first stage of language development, where infants produce repetitive sounds like “ba-ba.”
What is the babbling stage?
The mental category “bird” is an example of this cognitive grouping that simplifies information.
What is a concept?
Lisa keeps entering her old locker combination instead of her new one. This is an example of this type of interference.
What is proactive interference?
Tim remembers a phone number just long enough to dial it before forgetting it. This is an example of this type of memory.
What is short-term memory (or working memory)?
This type of memory briefly holds impressions that include iconic (visual) and echoic (auditory) memory.
What is sensory memory?
The smallest units of sound in a language, such as /k/, /æ/, and /t/ in the word "cat."
What are phonemes?
A mental shortcut or rule of thumb used for quick problem-solving.
What is a heuristic?
This cognitive bias causes people to seek out information that supports their existing beliefs while ignoring contradictory evidence.
What is confirmation bias?
Maria clearly remembers where she was when she first heard about a major world event. This highly vivid and emotional memory is known as this.
What is a flashbulb memory?
James hasn’t ridden a bike in 10 years, yet when he gets on one, he can still balance and pedal without thinking. This demonstrates this type of long-term memory.
What is implicit memory?
This linguist proposed Universal Grammar and the existence of a "language acquisition device."
Who is Noam Chomsky?
This step-by-step problem-solving approach guarantees a solution but can be time-consuming.
What is an algorithm?
This forgetting phenomenon occurs when newly learned information disrupts the recall of older memories, such as struggling to remember an old address after moving.
What is retroactive interference?
A child learns to say "thank you" because they receive praise and attention from their parents. This researcher supports this language learning theory.
Who is B.F. Skinner?
This effect explains why we tend to remember the first (primacy effect) and last (recency effect) items in a list better than those in the middle.
What is the serial position effect?
This hypothesis, proposed by Benjamin Lee Whorf, suggests that language influences perception and thought.
What is the Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis?
This problem-solving approach involves trying multiple solutions until one works, though it can be time-consuming.
What is trial and error?
After witnessing a car accident, Joe tells the police that the driver "smashed" into the other car. Later, he remembers the accident as being worse than it actually was. This is an example of this memory distortion.
What is the misinformation effect?
While taking a multiple-choice test, Emma sees a question about an obscure historical event. Although she didn’t recall learning it, one answer "feels familiar," so she chooses it—and it turns out to be correct! This type of retrieval is called this.
What is recognition?
The hippocampus and this emotion-related brain structure help store long-term memories.
What is the amygdala?
This psychologist’s Social Learning Theory suggests that children learn language by observing and modeling others.
Who is Albert Bandura?
Amy only reads news articles that support her political beliefs while ignoring contradictory viewpoints. This is an example of this cognitive bias.
What is confirmation bias?
This neurological case study of a man who underwent surgery for epilepsy provided groundbreaking insights into memory loss and amnesia.
Who is Henry Molaison or Who is H.M.?
After stepping away from a difficult problem for a few hours, Jake suddenly realizes the solution while taking a shower. This is an example of this cognitive phenomenon.
What is insight?
The misinformation effect, studied by this researcher, shows how memories can be altered by misleading details.
Who is Elizabeth Loftus?
During a conversation, Miguel switches between Spanish and English without realizing it. This phenomenon is known as this.
What is code-switching?
Brainstorming multiple uses for a paperclip is an example of this type of creative thinking.
What is divergent thinking?
The question “Can you open the window?” is an example of this aspect of language that considers context.
What is pragmatics?
Mr. Allen's mom always cut the end off of the pot roast before cooking it because that's the way her mom always did it. She was caught up in this problem-solving barrier.
What is a mental set?