Renal/Urologic
This functional unit of the kidney filters blood and returns needed substances while removing waste.
What is the nephron?
This inflammation of the meninges can be caused by viral, bacterial, fungal, or spirochetal infections and is diagnosed definitively by lumbar puncture
What is meningitis?
This common gastrointestinal problem in older adults results from decreased peristalsis and can be influenced by factors like diet, dehydration, and inactivity.
What is constipation?
I'm one of the most important adverse effects of all antipsychotics as it can take several months for this adverse effect to disappear even after the drug is stopped.
What is Tardive dyskinesia (extensive movements around the face/jaw)?
Secreted by the pituitary gland, this hormone helps the kidneys retain water but is inhibited by caffeine and alcohol.
What is antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
These cells produce myelin in the central nervous system and their failure is associated with multiple sclerosis.
What are oligodendrocytes?
This inflammatory bowel disease is characterized by “skip areas” and can affect any segment of the intestinal tract, most commonly the ileum or colon.
What is Crohn disease?
Outside its' primary use this class of drugs has also been found to effectively treat anxiety.
What is anti-depressant?
Accounting for 80% of UTIs, this fecal-associated gram-negative bacterium is the most common causative organism.
What is Escherichia coli (E. coli)?
More than 60% of these tumors in adults are located in this part of the brain, which helps predict probable neurological deficits.
What are cerebral hemispheres?
This serious complication of liver cirrhosis involves fragile, dilated veins in the lower third of the esophagus caused by increased pressure in the portal veins.
What are esophageal varices?
This drug increases the inhibitory effects of GABA, which involves the GABA binding to a receptor on the neuron, which facilitates the conductance of chloride ions into the neuron.
What is Benzodiazepines?
This hereditary kidney disease is a leading cause of end-stage renal disease and is characterized by fluid-filled sacs forming in or around the kidneys.
What is polycystic kidney disease (PKD)?
This focal seizure type is sometimes called an “aura” and serves as a warning before a more generalized seizure.
What is a focal aware seizure?
These two common risk factors for peptic ulcer disease include a bacterial infection and a class of drugs that reduce prostaglandin production.
What are H. pylori infection and NSAIDs?
Often taken to treat bipolar disorder even within therapeutic serum ranges patients can present with symptoms of toxicity (e.g., metalic taste, fine tremor) related to this drug.
What is Lithium?
This condition is the leading cause of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) accounting for ~30-50% of the cases of CKD.
What is diabetes?
This type of primary intraspinal tumor is located within the dura but outside the spinal cord itself and 2nd most common location for intraspinal tumors.
What is an intradural-extramedullary tumor?
This immune-mediated disorder triggered by gluten exposure affects about 0.5%-1% of the population and can cause malabsorption and dermatitis herpetiformis.
What is celiac disease?
By inhibiting acetylcholinesterase enzyme (which breaks down Ach) within the higher parts of the brain (ie cortex) this drug may be helpful in treating Alzheimer's.
What is indirect cholinergic stimulants?