The Big Bang Theory and Hubble's law
How fast was the Universe expanding when it was less than 1 second old?
Faster than the speed of light. OR (299,792,458 m/s) (186,282 miles/sec) (670, 615,200 miles/hour)
Where does the material for stars come from?
Nebula, also called Stellar Nursery (clouds of dust and gas)
A ball of gas preparing to become a star is called a __________.
protostar
A theory about how Earth was formed says tiny specks of dust and gas in the nebula started to ball up after a supernova because of what?
Attraction due to the opposite charges of the particles.
When is a black hole formed?
After a Giant Red star goes supernova.
List 3 words or phrases to describe what was happening in our universe during the first three minutes after The Big Bang.
Any 3 of the following answers - others will be considered The universe expanded. Elementary particles were forming. Elementary particles formed atoms. Matter and anti-matter collided and turned back into energy (war between matter and anti-matter).
Name the basic characteristic that determines everything about a star.
It's mass.
When a star runs out of hydrogen to make helium it expands and becomes a ______________.
Red Giant
As the earth was formed, what caused balls of dust and gas to form rocks?
Heat from space lightening.
What is a Black Hole's event horizon? (Ignore the theory of Hawking Radiation.)
The point where gravity is so strong that nothing can escape, not even light.
List the two main observations that contributed to Hubble's Law.
Comparing what the light coming off galaxies should look like to what it actually looks like (Red Shift) Calculating that galaxies farther away are moving away faster.
What two factors determine a star's brightness?
Temperature and size (diameter).
a) In nuclear fusion, which elements are created first? (MORE MASSIVE ELEMENTS like uranium or LESS MASSIVE ELEMENTS like hydrogen?) b) Where is one place that elements more massive than iron can be created?
a) less massive elements b) in a supernova
What caused small rocks to become large rocks while the Earth was being formed?
Gravity pulling the rocks into each other, smashing them together, heating them up and melting them together.
Explain why Spaghettification occurs.
The gravity acting on an object is greater closer to the black hole and less on the part of the object farther away. As the object goes into the black hole it gets stretched.
Name three pieces of evidence that support The Big Bang Theory.
Any 3 of the following: Microwave Background Radiation Hubble's law E=mc(squared) Red Shift (Doppler effect with light)
What directly determines a star's color?
Temperature.
a) After the Red Giant Phase a small/medium star sheds this b) and the remainder is called a ___________________
a) planetary nebula b) white dwarf
Why did the Earth's layers separate during it's formation?
The molten earth allowed less dense materials to rise to the crust. OR The molten earth allowed more dense materials to settle to the core.
What might you find in a supermassive black hole?
Any one of the following choices: Tidal forces that would kill you (Death). Another universe (White Hole). A wormhole to another part of the universe.
It is now believed that Hubble's constant, involving the relationship between how far away galaxies are and how fast they are moving away, is not really constant, but is increasing, because of _____________.
Dark Energy
What are stars called that are a) very hot but not very luminous? b) cool but very bright?
a) White Dwarfs b) (Super) Red Giants
Credit granted for correctly answering at least 2 questions. a) Stars are stable and spend their majority of their life in this phase, causing most stars to be in this phase. b) What is the general name for the balance that occurs during this phase? c) What two things must be in balance during this phase?
a) Main Sequence b) Equilibrium c) The inward pull of GRAVITY and the outward PRESSURE from fusion (heat).
What is the theory we studied about a) how the moon was formed? and b) where some of Earth's water came from?
a) The earth was struck by an object that threw material out into space. b) it was present in the nebula when earth formed
List at least 3 characteristics of a Black Hole.
Answer may include, but not be limited to: Power comes from having a strong gravity. They are very dense. They can destroy solar systems. They can be small or very large. Every large galaxy contains a supermassive black hole at its center.