The Roots of Farming
This first major change in human history involved the transition from hunting and gathering to sedentary agriculture.
Neolithic Revolution
According to Von Thünen, this specific type of farming is located in the ring closest to the market because the product is highly perishable.
dairy farming (or market gardening)
This survey system, common in the U.S. Midwest, uses a grid-like pattern of townships and ranges.
Township and Range
This type of agriculture is practiced primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and their family.
subsistence agriculture
This process involves the clearing of forests to make way for agriculture, leading to significant loss of biodiversity.
deforestation
This agricultural hearth is credited with the domestication of wheat, barley, and oats, as well as the first integration of livestock with crop production.
Fertile Crescent
Before modern electricity and heating, this product occupied the second ring of the model because it was heavy and difficult to transport.
lumber/firewood (Forestry)
Common in French-settled areas like Louisiana and Quebec, this system gives every farmer access to a river or road.
Long-lot
This extensive subsistence practice involves moving crops from one field to another to allow soil to recover, often associated with "slash-and-burn."
shifting cultivation?
This environmental problem occurs when overgrazing and shifting cultivation cause semi-arid land to become desert-like.
desertification
While the First Revolution gave us farming, this 20th-century movement introduced high-yield seeds and chemical fertilizers to the developing world.
The Green Revolution
This is the primary reason the Von Thünen model looks different in the real world than its perfect concentric circles.
physical features (rivers/mountains) or transportation routes (roads/rails)?
This system uses natural features like "the big oak tree" or "the crooked creek" to define property boundaries.
Metes and Bounds
This form of commercial agriculture is usually found in LDCs (Less Developed Countries) but is owned by corporations in MDCs to grow "luxury" crops like coffee or cocoa.
plantation farming
These are organisms whose genetic material has been altered to increase resistance to pests or drought.
GMOs
This 18th-century revolution coincided with the Industrial Revolution and introduced technologies like the seed drill and improved livestock breeding.
Second Agricultural Revolution
In the Von Thünen model, these two costs are the primary factors determining where a farmer chooses to locate their business.
land rent (bid-rent) and transportation costs
This specific rural settlement pattern features houses clustered together with farmland surrounding them, common in Europe.
nucleated (or clustered) settlement
This term describes the integration of various steps of the food-processing industry, from seed production to retailing.
agribusiness
This sustainable movement focuses on providing producers in LDCs with better trading conditions and higher prices for their goods.
Fair Trade
This term describes the global exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between the Old World and the New World following 1492.
Columbian Exchange
This mathematical theory explains why land closer to the city center is more expensive, leading to more intensive land use.
Bid-Rent Theory
In North America, this rural settlement pattern is most common, where farmers live on individual farms far apart from neighbors.
dispersed settlement
This type of livestock ranching involves the seasonal migration of animals between lowlands and mountains.
transhumance
This term refers to an area, often in an inner city, where residents have little to no access to fresh, nutritious, and affordable food
food desert