Events 1
A series of revolutions in the early 19th century that led to the creation of independent nations in Latin America
What are the Latin American wars of independence?
A conflict where the 13 American colonies fought for independence from British rule.
Caused by British taxations without representation and Enlightenment ideas.
What is the American Revolution?
Year: 1869-1948
Discontent with British colonial rule and the desire for Indian independence. His philosophy of nonviolent resistance inspired global civil rights movements and led to India’s independence in 1947.
Who is Mahatma Gandhi?
Year: Late 19th to early 20th century (1857-1933)
The push for social and political rights for women within the context of Marxist theory.
Led to the promotion of international women’s rights and organized the first International Women’s Day.
Who is Clara Zetkin?
Years: Late 17th to 18th century (approximately 1685-1815)
Intellectual movement emphasizing reason, individualism, and skepticism of traditional authority, influenced by earlier scientific revolutions.
Led to promotion of ideas such as liberty, equality, and democracy, leading to revolutions (e.g., American and French) and the establishment of modern political and philosophical thought.
What is the Enlightenment?
The first successful slave revolt that led to Haiti gaining independence from France in 1804. Lasted from 1791-1804 and was influenced by the French Revolution
What is the Haitian Revolution?
The fight for women's rights, social reform movements, and the influence of Enlightenment ideas on equality and justice.
Led to women's suffrage in several countries, increased awareness of women's rights issues, and advancement of gender equality.
What is the (global) Suffragette movement?
Year: Active during the late 19th century (1861-1896)
Nationalism and desire for reforms in the Philippines under Spanish rule. His writings galvanized the Philippine nationalist movement and inspired subsequent revolutions against colonial rule.
Who is José Rizal?
Years: Queen of France (1774-1792)
She was the symbol of the excesses of the French monarchy, discontent with royal extravagance amidst economic hardship.
Her execution during the French Revolution symbolized the end of absolute monarchy and the rise of revolutionary fervor.
Who is Marie Antoinette?
Years: Approximately 9th to 15th century
Fragmentation of power following the fall of the Roman Empire, need for protection and land management, and the establishment of local lords' authority.
Led to the creation of a hierarchical society with lords, vassals, and serfs, leading to a system of landholding and obligations that dominated medieval Europe and influenced social structures.
What is European feudalism?
Years: 1789-1799
Caused by economic crisis, social inequality, grievances of the Third Estate inspired by Enlightenment ideas promoting liberty, equality, and fraternity
What is the French Revolution?
Year: 1868
Caused by dissatisfaction with the Tokugawa Shogunate, pressure from Western powers, and the desire for modernization.
Led to rapid industrialization, restored the Emperor, ended the feudal system, and established Japan as an imperial power
What is the Meiji Restoration?
Year: 1820-1924
Discontent with Spanish colonial rule and a desire for Puerto Rican independence. She inspired nationalist movements in Puerto Rico through her poetry and activism for independence.
Who is Lola Rodriguez de Tío?
Years: Active in the early 19th century (1808-1830)
Desire for independence from Spanish colonial rule, inspired by Enlightenment ideals and successful revolutions.
His efforts led to the liberation of several South American countries, establishment of republics, and enduring legacy as a national hero.
Who is Simón Bolívar?
Years: Approximately 12th to 19th century (particularly the Kamakura period, 1185-1333, through the Edo period, 1603-1868)
The shogun was the military ruler of Japan, holding actual power and authority over the country, while the emperor was often a symbolic figurehead with limited political influence.
A rigid social hierarchy with samurai, daimyos, and peasants, the emperor on top with the shogun right under him (even though the shogun called all the shots), maintaining political stability and cultural developments, while isolating Japan from foreign influences until the Meiji Restoration.
What is Japanese feudalism?
Years: 1850-1864
Chinese people were dissatisfied with widespread poverty and overall low quality of life for peasants under the Qing dynasty. Under the leadership of Hong Xiuquan, a man influenced by Christian teachings, who believed he was the brother of Jesus Christ, a massive civil war in China occurred. It was one of the deadliest conflicts in Chinese history with 20 million casualties and increased foreign intervention in China.
Though the Qing dynasty ended the rebellion, it weakened their power.
What is the Taiping Rebellion?
Years: Approximately 1760 to 1840
Technological advancements, the rise of factory-based production, and the need for increased efficiency in manufacturing processes. England was the first country to industrialize
Led: Transformation of economies from agrarian to industrial, urbanization as people moved to cities for work, and significant social changes including the rise of the working class and new labor movements.
What is the Industrial Revolution?
Years: Active in the 18th century
Resistance against British colonization and the brutal conditions of slavery in Jamaica.
Successful establishment of free Maroon communities in the mountains of Jamaica and ongoing resistance to British rule.
Who is the Nanny of the Maroons?
Years: Late 18th century (1759-1797)
Enlightenment ideas advocating for reason and equality, and the exclusion of women from the social contract.
Her efforts led the groundwork for modern feminism and women’s rights movements through her influential writings.
Who is Mary Wollstonecraft?
Years: Approximately 1834 to the early 20th century (peaking between 1834 and 1917)
Labor shortages in colonies after the abolition of slavery, leading to the recruitment of Indian laborers to work on plantations and in various industries abroad.
Led to large-scale migration of Indian workers to places like the Caribbean, Fiji, and South Africa, often facing harsh conditions and exploitation; the system contributed to the spread of Indian culture and diaspora communities but also led to significant social and economic challenges for the migrants' descendants.
What is the Indian indenture system?
Year: 1857
Caused by discontent with British colonial rule, cultural insensitivity (the use of animal fat in cartridges), and economic exploitation of Indian resources caused Hindus and Muslims, who were otherwise adversaries, to band together over a common enemy.
Led to the end of British East India company's rule in India and direct British control, as well as significant changes to colonial policy.
What is the Sepoy Mutiny?
Years: Emerged in the mid-19th century, most notably articulated by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848 with the publication of "The Communist Manifesto."
Reaction against capitalism, social inequality, and the exploitation of the working class; aims to create a classless society where the means of production are owned collectively.
Influenced numerous revolutionary movements and governments, leading to the establishment of communist states (e.g., the Soviet Union, China) and significant global political conflict during the 20th century, particularly during the Cold War.
Years: 1780-1781
Inspired by rising discontent against Spanish colonial rule, exploitation, and oppression of indigenous peoples in Peru.
Led a significant rebellion against Spanish authorities in 1780, which aimed to resist colonial oppression and sought to improve the conditions of indigenous people; although ultimately unsuccessful and resulting in his execution, his actions inspired future movements for independence in Latin America and are remembered as a symbol of resistance against colonialism.
(Tupac Shakur's namesake)
Who is Tupac Amaru II?
Years: Active during the Haitian Revolution (late 18th century)
The struggle for freedom during the Haitian Revolution. Her role highlighted the significant contributions of women to the fight for independence in Haiti.
Years: Approximately 14th to 17th century
A revival of interest in the classical art, literature, and philosophies of Ancient Greece and Rome, driven by humanism and a desire for knowledge, innovation, and cultural flourishing.
Led to the flourishing of arts and sciences, significant advancements in painting, sculpture, literature, and exploration; led to changes in thinking about humanity's place in the world and laid the groundwork for the modern age, including the Reformation and the Scientific Revolution.
What is the Renaissance?