Enlightenment & The Expansion of Rights
This intellectual movement applied rationalism and empiricism to human relationships, challenging established traditions and providing the ideological framework for several global revolutions
What is the Enlightenment?
This radical phase of the French Revolution, led by Robespierre, aimed to purge "enemies of the revolution" using the guillotine
What is the Reign of Terror?
This Prussian leader used a policy of "blood and iron" and masterful diplomacy to achieve German unification in 1871
Who is Otto von Bismarck?
Britain’s early industrialization was facilitated by its unique geographical luck, specifically having "metric buttloads" of these two resources buried beneath its soil
What are coal and iron?
This 1776 book by Adam Smith argued against mercantilism and championed laissez-faire policies, where the "Invisible Hand" of supply and demand guides the market
What is The Wealth of Nations?
To improve working conditions and gain higher wages, workers in industrialized states organized into these groups to engage in collective bargaining and strikes.
What are labor unions?
This philosopher’s concept of natural rights—specifically life, liberty, and property—argued that such rights were endowed by God and could not be taken away by a monarch
Who is John Locke?
This 1789 revolutionary document asserted that sovereignty belongs to the people and that all men are born and remain free and equal in rights
What is the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen?
his movement in the Philippines involved wealthier Creoles and Mestizos who, after studying in Europe, returned home to publish nationalist ideas that eventually led to a revolution against Spain
What is the Propaganda Movement?
This 18th-century innovation by James Watt allowed factories to be built away from waterways, significantly increasing the energy available to human societies
What is the steam engine?
This Egyptian leader initiated a state-sponsored industrialization program that built textile and weapons factories, though it was later stunted by British intervention
Who is Muhammad Ali?
This social scientist and author of The Communist Manifesto argued that capitalism created an inevitable class struggle between the Bourgeoisie and the Proletariat
Who is Karl Marx?
This 1848 gathering, organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott, became a foundational event for the emergent feminist movement and the demand for women's suffrage
What is the Seneca Falls Conference?
This 1815 document, written by Simón Bolívar, expressed a vision of republican government and unified resistance against Spanish authority on the eve of Latin American revolutions
What is the "Letter from Jamaica"?
These two fragmented regions utilized nationalist fervor and military conflict against neighboring empires like Austria to form unified nation-states in the late 19th century
What are Germany and Italy?
Characterizing the Second Industrial Revolution, this late 19th-century process allowed for the inexpensive mass production of high-quality, strong metal
What is the Bessemer process?
This 1868 period in Japan marked a "defensive modernization" strategy where the state took a leading role in industrializing to avoid Western domination
What is the Meiji Restoration?
These mid-19th-century Ottoman reforms established Western-style law codes, schools, and infrastructure as a means of "defensive modernization"
What is the Tanzimat?
This 1791 document, written by Olympe de Gouges, sought to expose the failures of the French Revolution regarding gender equality and challenged the political exclusion of women
What is the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen?
This conflict resulted in the first independent nation-state ruled by people of African descent and remains the most successful slave revolt in world history
What is the Haitian Revolution?
Led by Toussaint Louverture, this was the only successful slave revolt in history, resulting in the creation of the first independent Black republic
What is the Haitian Revolution?
The development of railroads, steamships, and this communication technology made it possible to develop and settle interior regions globally
What is the telegraph?
These large-scale businesses, such as HSBC or Unilever, operated in multiple countries and relied on new financial practices like stock markets to raise capital
What are transnational corporations?
This late 19th-century Chinese effort to modernize the military and industry was largely unsuccessful due to resistance from conservative elite groups within the government
What is the Self-Strengthening Movement?
Driven by Enlightenment ideals and religious activism, these two major labor systems were gradually abolished in the 19th century, with Russia ending the latter in 1861
What are slavery and serfdom?
These elite, American-born people of European descent were the primary leaders of the Latin American independence movements, driven by resentment of the political power held by Spanish-born Peninsulares
Who are the Creoles?
This poet and activist was a central figure in the Puerto Rican nationalist movement, using her writings to challenge Spanish colonial authority
Who is Lola Rodríguez de Tió?
While the West's share of global manufacturing increased, these two specific regions saw a sharp decline in their share of textile production due to British competition
What are India and Egypt?
While socialism often included reformist movements seeking to improve working conditions and expand suffrage through existing democratic systems, this more radical ideology, described by Karl Marx, predicted an inevitable class struggle where the proletariat would overthrow the bourgeoisie to establish a classless society
What is Communism?
This radical secret society of British artisans attempted to protect their skilled trades by physically smashing the industrial machines that were replacing them
Who are the Luddites?