General
the type of cancer that develops from skin cells.
What is melanoma
a condition when there are normal cells but they are found in the wrong place
What is metaplasia
the phase of the cell cycle in which cell division occurs
What is mitosis
programmed cell death
What is apoptosis
the three aspects that are considered when assigning a stage of cancer.
What is the size of the primary tumor, local lymph node involvement, and if distant metastasis has occurred
the type of cancer that is derived from connective tissue
What is a sarcoma
a condition when there are many abnormal cells (dysplasia has occurred) but that are localized and have not broken the basement membrane.
What is carcinoma in situ or benign tumor
the phase of the cell cycle that a normal cell spends the majority of its time in
What is interphase, specifically G0 and G1 phase
a gene that when turned on more than it should be adds to the formation of cancer. (a weight on a gas peddle)
What is an oncogene.
the removal of tissue from a patient in order to be analyzed by a pathologist
What is a biopsy
the type of cancer that is derived from epithelial tissue.
What is a carcinoma
cells are normal, but there are too many of them in one place
What is hyperplasia
the proteins that are produced by the cell that signal the cell to move through the cell cycle
What is a cyclin
the presence of these three cyclins aid in the progression from the G1 phase to the S phase past the restriction point
What is cyclin D, E, A
this type of treatment will react with water in the body to form free radicals that will damage DNA and kill the cancer cell
What is radiation
name three features of cancer cells that make them different from normal cells
What is loss of contact inhibition, immortalization, altered morphology, anchorage independence, evade the immune system, and loss of dependence on growth factors, angiogensis
the difference between hyperplasia and dysplasia
What is hyperplasia: abnormal number of normal cells, dysplasia- cells are abnormal
one the three checkpoints in the cell cycle that would not allow a cell to proceed if there was a problem with spindle formation leading to an error in the separation of chromosomes.
What is the mitotic spindle checkpoint.
this gene (specifically the name) blocks the action of p53. It is an example of an oncogene.
What is Mdm2
the type of treatment in which you block the cellular pathways involved in cancer by targeting specific molecules only found in cancer cells
What is target therapy
the size a tumor could grow if angiogenisis did not occur?
What is 1 mm3
describe how a cancer cell becomes immortal.
by continuing to lengthen the telomeres at the end of the chromosomes in the cell, the cell can divide without stopping
explain the relationship between cyclins, cyclin dependent kinases, and the signaling cascade.
What is cyclins are synthesized during the cell cycle and bind to CDK's (always found in the cell). CDK's are kinases that phosphorylate other molecules that results in a signaling cascade. The presence of cyclins at various points and the signaling cascade results in the cell progressing through the cell cycle.
how does a normal cell progress pass the restriction point? (This is multiple steps starting with the mitogen binding to the cell)
1. Mitogen binds to cell 2. Signal tells cell to produce Cyclin D 3. Cyclin D binds to CDK causing a signaling cascade 4. Turns of pRB gene- no pRB 5. Signals cell to produce Cyclin E and Cyclin A 6. Cylcin E and A bind to CDK 7. Cell moves to S phase
describe how nanoparticles are a form of target therapy
inside the nanoparticle is the drug to kill the cancer cell, on the outside are antibodies that bind to specific receptors found only on cancer cells, the nanoparticle enters the cancer cell and releases the drug, only cancer cells are killed