Spreading the Spark
Britain tried to keep this from leaving the country, but engineers and capital spread it anyway.
What is industrial know‑how/technology?
Over land, this innovation most transformed markets and mobility.
What are railroads/steam locomotives?
Division of labor meant this happened to tasks.
What is they were broken into simple, repetitive steps?
She founded Hull House and pushed social services for the urban poor.
Who is Jane Addams?
Smith vs. Marx disagreed about this role of government in the economy.
What is regulation/ownership (hands‑off vs. public ownership/planning)?
Name one group that initially benefited from cheap goods and new jobs.
What are consumers or the middle class/workers (wages over time)?
This European country adopted British methods early, helped by government and banks.
What is Belgium?
Cheaper steel from this process strengthened tracks and bridges.
What is the Bessemer process?
A common textile‑mill air hazard that damaged lungs.
What is cotton lint/dust?
He led the parliamentary fight to end the British slave trade in 1807.
Who is William Wilberforce?
Marx believed this class would overthrow the bourgeoisie.
Who are the proletariat (workers)?
Name one environmental cost of rapid industrialization.
What are air/water pollution, deforestation, waste?
Name one reason some regions industrialized later or unevenly.
What are lack of capital, resources, political instability, geography, weak infrastructure?
Canal building reduced costs by connecting these two places economically.
What are interior production areas and ports/markets?
Give two reasons owners hired women and children.
What are lower wages, small hands for machines, large labor supply, long hours tolerated?
This education reformer advocated free public schooling in the U.S.
Who is Horace Mann?
Socialism seeks to reduce this key problem of capitalism.
What is economic inequality?
Industrialization’s demand for resources helped fuel this 19th‑century policy abroad.
What is imperialism?
(Daily Double)
The United States’ early industrial growth relied on these two advantages (name both).
What are abundant resources (e.g., coal, iron, timber) and a large labor force/immigration (accept capital/entrepreneurs)?
This American built the first successful steamboat service.
Who is Robert Fulton?
This law barred women and children from working underground.
What is the Mines Act (1842)?
These laws collectively targeted child labor and safety in factories.
What are the Factory Acts?
Define laissez‑faire in one phrase.
What is minimal government interference in markets?
Name two later reforms that improved urban life.
What are sanitation systems, clean water, zoning, public health acts, sewers?
Japan’s Meiji leaders did this to catch up.
What is state‑led industrialization/westernization (import tech, build rail/factories)?
Name two ways railroads reshaped daily life or business.
What are standardized time, larger markets, cheaper goods, commuting, new jobs/towns?
(Daily Double)
This act capped textile workdays for women/children at ten hours.
What is the Ten Hours Act (1847)?
This movement used strikes/collective bargaining to win better conditions.
What is organized labor (trade unions)?
Give two critiques of laissez‑faire that reformers raised.
What are worker exploitation, unsafe conditions, child labor, monopolies, environmental harm?
Give two reasons industrialization spread unevenly worldwide.
What are resource distribution, capital, politics, colonial status, infrastructure, geography?