Why Britain?
Farms to Factories
Makers & Machines
City Life & Work
Ideas & -isms
Maps, Graphs, and Trends
100
This fossil fuel and nearby water power were a key energy combo that launched British industry.
What are coal and rivers (water power)?
100
This movement fenced off common lands, pushing many small farmers toward cities.
What is enclosure?
100
He improved the steam engine’s efficiency.
Who is James Watt?
100
Typical factory shifts often lasted this many hours or more per day.
What are 12–14 hours?
100
Policy meaning “hands‑off” government in business.
What is laissez‑faire?
100
A bar graph shows cotton output soaring 1800–1860. Name one reason.
What is new textile technology or steam power (e.g., spinning jenny, power loom, steam engine)?
200
Britain had this stable institution that protected property and contracts, helping entrepreneurs invest.
What is a stable government (or Parliament/legal system)?
200
This ag. method restored soil nutrients and boosted yields.
What is crop rotation?
200
This industry was first to industrialize.
What are textiles?
200
These organizations sought better pay, shorter hours, and safer conditions.
What are labor unions?
200
He argued markets are guided by the “invisible hand.”
Who is Adam Smith?
200
A map of Britain c. 1840 shows coalfields near early rails. This geographic pairing did what for costs?
What is lowered transport costs (faster, cheaper links mines↔mills)?
300
These raised capital for factories and railroads by pooling investors’ money.
What are banks (or joint‑stock companies)?
300
More food and mechanized farming freed workers, causing this process.
What is urbanization?
300
This water‑powered frame and later the power loom drove mechanized weaving.
What are the water frame and (power) loom?
300
One new class that expanded due to industry—shop owners, professionals, managers.
What is the middle class (bourgeoisie)?
300
Public ownership of the means of production describes this system.
What is socialism?
300
A population table shows Manchester’s boom. Name one cause and one effect.
Cause: factory jobs/rail links; Effect: overcrowding/pollution/disease.
400
Ports, harbors, and this natural feature cut transport costs inside Britain before rails.
What are navigable rivers/canals?
400
Name one social consequence of sudden city growth in the early 1800s.
What are overcrowding, pollution, disease, or poor sanitation?
400
His process made steel cheaper and stronger.
Who is Henry Bessemer?
400
Name two common factory hazards faced by workers.
What are unguarded machines, poor ventilation, lint/dust, toxic fumes, unsafe boilers?
400
He co‑wrote The Communist Manifesto with Engels.
Who is Karl Marx?
400
A chart compares cottage industry vs. factory system. Name two factory advantages.
What are economies of scale, standardization, faster output, lower prices?
500
Name two natural resources besides coal that gave Britain an edge.
What are iron ore and timber (accept iron; wool/cotton via empire; water power)?
500
(Daily Double)
This early law limited child labor and set basic safety/age rules in British factories.
What are the Factory Acts (accept Mines Act/Ten Hours Act with explanation)?
500
He launched the steamboat Clermont on the Hudson River.
Who is Robert Fulton?
500
This act limited the working hours of women and children in textile mills to ten per day.
What is the Ten Hours Act (1847)?
500
The predicted struggle between these two classes would, Marx believed, end capitalism.
Who are the bourgeoisie and the proletariat?
500
Name one way industrialization fed imperialism.
What is need for raw materials/markets/investment outlets?